The appearance of Hawai’i’s history within the pages of a journal devoted to nineteenthcentury US history may strike some readers as problematic. Throughout most of that century, Hawai’i was a sovereign, independent kingdom. Moreover, although US imperialism grew to dominate much of the economic, political, and social life of this kingdom throughout the nineteenth century, Hawai’i’s future was not inevitably tied to that of the United States. As we now understand, thanks largely to the scholarship of Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) historians, Hawaiians exercised considerable agency in charting their destinies, despite US hegemony in the islands and throughout the Pacific. In that sense, Hawai’i’s history might be more appropriately positioned within the “sea of islands” of Oceania than within the US nation-state. The nineteenth century, in fact, witnessed the making of the United States in territorial terms. The nation-state’s spread across the North American continent was not an expression of Manifest Destiny but a series of acts of war, correctly termed imperialism, waged against American Indians and Mexicans. The final conquest and incorporation of that extra-territorial theft left a trail of blood that ended at Wounded Knee in 1890. Expansion overseas involved war with Spain, another imperial power, and the treaty that ended that conflict in 1898 awarded Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. Hawai’i fell like a ripe pear, in the words of the US minister to the kingdom, into US hands after white settlers overthrew Lili’uokalani, the Hawaiian queen, and declared a republic in 1894. Four years later, the United States took Hawai’i, despite the queen’s protest against that sweeping “violation of international rights” and President Grover Cleveland’s admission that a “substantial wrong” had been inflicted upon a people and sovereign state. The Hawaiian kingdom never surrendered its sovereignty, and its conquest and the continued occupation by the United States are the sole reasons for its inclusion within the purview of American history. Tom Smith’s insightful historiographical essay, “Hawaiian History and American History: Integration or Separation?” makes a similar point with regard to historians and their histories. Writing against historiography that explicitly or implicitly locates Hawai’i within US history, a new generation of Hawaiian historians is exploring the islands’ past as a part of Kānaka Maoli history, specifically with regard to the movements of peoples and their engagements within an expansive Oceania. I agree with this project to decolonize the historiography, which is the necessary first step because of the prevailing scholarship, but I also endorse these scholars’ next move toward multiplicities and articulations within

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介绍

夏威夷的历史出现在专门介绍 19 世纪美国历史的期刊的页面中，可能会让一些读者感到有问题。在那个世纪的大部分时间里，夏威夷都是一个主权独立的王国。此外，尽管美帝国主义在整个 19 世纪逐渐主导了这个王国的大部分经济、政治和社会生活，但夏威夷的未来并非不可避免地与美国的未来联系在一起。正如我们现在所了解的，主要得益于 Kānaka Maoli（夏威夷原住民）历史学家的奖学金，夏威夷人在描绘他们的命运方面发挥了相当大的作用，尽管美国在这些岛屿和整个太平洋地区拥有霸权。从这个意义上说，夏威夷的历史可能更适合置于大洋洲的“岛屿之海”而不是美国民族国家。事实上，十九世纪 见证了美国在领土上的形成。民族国家在北美大陆的蔓延并不是天命的表现，而是一系列针对美洲印第安人和墨西哥人的战争行为，正确地称为帝国主义。这场域外盗窃的最终征服和合并留下了一条血迹，于 1890 年在受伤的膝盖处结束。 海外扩张涉及与另一个皇权西班牙的战争，1898 年结束这场冲突的条约授予古巴、波多黎各、关岛，菲律宾到美国。1894 年，白人殖民者推翻了夏威夷女王 Lili'uokalani 并宣布成立共和国后，夏威夷像一颗成熟的梨子一样落入了美国的手中。四年后，美国占领了美国王国。夏威夷，尽管女王抗议大规模的“侵犯国际权利”，并且格罗弗·克利夫兰总统承认“严重错误”已经施加在一个人民和主权国家身上。夏威夷王国从未放弃主权，它的征服和美国的持续占领是其被纳入美国历史范围的唯一原因。汤姆史密斯富有洞察力的史学论文，“夏威夷历史和美国历史：融合还是分离？” 对历史学家及其历史也提出了类似的观点。与明确或隐含地将夏威夷置于美国历史中的历史编纂相反，新一代夏威夷历史学家正在探索这些岛屿的过去，将其作为卡纳卡毛利历史的一部分，特别是关于人民在广阔的大洋洲内的流动和参与。我同意这个去殖民化史学的项目，这是由于学术盛行而必要的第一步，但我也赞同这些学者下一步朝着内部的多样性和表达的方向迈进。