ABSTRACT The extent of the multi-ethnic integration of the Seminoles remains a cause of debate in both Florida history and the wider field of Indigenous studies. This article argues against the notion that the Black experience among the Seminoles prior to the Second Seminole War (1835–1842) was homogenous and considers the role of those who experienced the restrictions of enslavement: the Estelusti. Through a synthesis of published observations and archival evidence on the Seminoles, this paper highlights that the varying treatment of the Estelusti is a means of understanding the barriers to coalescence in the Native South.

中文翻译：

---

“地球上已知的最温和的形式？”：重新考虑塞米诺尔社会中的种族奴隶制​​，1800-1835

摘要 塞米诺尔人的多民族融合程度仍然是佛罗里达历史和更广泛的土著研究领域的争论焦点。本文反对第二次塞米诺尔战争（1835-1842 年）之前塞米诺尔人中的黑人经历是同质的这一观点，并考虑了那些经历过奴役限制的人的角色：Estelusti。通过对已发表的关于塞米诺尔人的观察和档案证据的综合，本文强调了对埃斯特鲁斯蒂人的不同处理是了解南原住民融合障碍的一种手段。