Historically, major American newspapers have rarely printed expletives, obscenities, and vulgarities. When newspapers have deviated from that norm, it has usually been for one of four reasons: to report on a political figure cursing publicly; to convey realism in a story about a marginalized group (often a racial minority); to express the emotions of people in traumatic situations; or to quote faithfully from a book or film. Using digitized historical newspapers, industry publications, and archival sources, it is possible to analyze how the press’s standards and practices on profanity have shifted from the 1960s to the Donald Trump era. The changes at the Associated Press and the New York Times are especially noteworthy, because their guidelines provide the model for many other news organizations.

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“喉咙短语”和“粗俗指令”：关于亵渎的新闻标准的演变

从历史上看，美国的主要报纸很少刊登粗言秽语、淫秽内容和粗俗内容。当报纸偏离这一规范时，通常是出于以下四个原因之一：报道政治人物公开诅咒；在关于边缘化群体（通常是少数族裔）的故事中传达现实主义；表达人们在创伤情境中的情绪；或忠实地引用一本书或电影。使用数字化的历史报纸、行业出版物和档案资料，可以分析媒体关于亵渎的标准和做法是如何从 1960 年代转变为唐纳德特朗普时代的。美联社和纽约时报的变化尤其值得注意，因为它们的指导方针为许多其他新闻机构提供了模式。