ABSTRACT Although the nuanced and complex nature of conflict in pre-literate societies like those documented in the West-Central European Iron Age before the arrival of the Romans has been acknowledged for some time, distinguishing between different types of violent interaction almost exclusively on the basis of material remains has been a challenge. The motivations and conditions for external vs. internal conflict have been even more difficult to identify but there is increasing evidence to suggest that bottom-up or factional conflict as well as small-scale raiding between archaeologically indistinguishable groups was at least as important as large-scale pitched battles of the kind documented by later Roman authors. This article reviews the current state of research on conflict in Iron Age West-Central Europe on the basis of several case studies that illustrate the importance of multi-scalar analyses of violent interaction in prehistory and the need to develop suitably contextual approaches for such studies.

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欧洲铁器时代的内部冲突：方法上的挑战和可能的情况

摘要尽管人们早已认识到识字前社会中冲突的细微而复杂的性质，例如在罗马人到来之前的中西欧洲铁器时代所记录的冲突，但在几乎完全基于此的基础上区分不同类型的暴力互动大量的遗体一直是一个挑战。外部冲突和内部冲突的动机和条件更加难以确定，但越来越多的证据表明，自下而上或派系冲突以及考古学上难以区分的群体之间的小规模袭击至少与大型冲突一样重要。后来的罗马作家所记录的那种大规模的战斗。