Th is paper aims to provide an overview of ecosemiotics (or semiotic ecology) particularly as developed at the University of Tartu (Estonia) and adjacent academic communities. Th e fi rst ecosemiotic publications were issued in Tartu in 1998 and thus the history of the field now reaches back two decades. The rationale of the paper is twofold: to preserve the record of the activities of Tartu’s ecosemiotics and to publicize the paradigm in the context of contemporary environmental humanities. Its emergence and development being closely bound to the scholars in Tartu, ecosemiotics is now a well-established theory of its own. In the following I present the main events, where the University of Tartu was involved, which facilitated this theoretical development. Ecosemiotics studies semiosic or sign-mediated aspects of ecology (including relations between human culture and the environment).2 It has been defi ned as “the study of sign processes which relate organisms to their natural environment” (Nöth 2001: 71) or as the semiotic discipline investigating “human relationships to nature which have a semiosic (sign-mediated) basis” (Kull 1998: 351). Th is means that ecosemiotics is one of the semiotic theories that extends the scope of a central concept of semiotics – the sign (understood as a mediated relation) – from human culture to other species and, particularly, to ecological systems. More recently, we have specifi ed ecosemiotics to be “a branch of semiotics that studies sign processes as responsible for ecological phenomena” (Maran, Kull 2014: 41). Th e concern of ecosemiotics may be considered to lie with the semiotic processes that relate to or address the broader context of living biological processes (Maran 2017a: 5). Th e beginning of ecosemiotics in Tartu can be marked by two infl uential papers published in the journal Sign Systems Studies issued by the University of Tartu Press: “Ecosemiotics” (Nöth 1998) and “Semiotic ecology: Diff erent natures in the semiosphere” (Kull 1998) (for a detailed overview of the history of ecosemiotic events and activities in Tartu, see Table 1). Collaboration between Kalevi Kull

中文翻译：

---

塔尔图的二十年生态符号学

本文旨在概述生态符号学（或符号生态学），特别是在塔尔图大学（爱沙尼亚）和邻近的学术界开发的生态符号学。1998年在塔尔图发布了第一批生态符号出版物，因此该领域的历史可追溯到二十年前。本文的理论基础是双重的：保留塔尔图生态符号学活动的记录，并在当代环境人文环境中宣传该范式。生态符号学的出现和发展与塔尔图的学者们息息相关，如今已成为一种成熟的理论。在下文中，我介绍了塔图尔大学参与的主要事件，这些事件促进了这一理论的发展。生态符号学研究生态的符号学或符号介导的方面（包括人类文化与环境之间的关系）。2它被定义为“研究使生物与其自然环境相关的符号过程”（Nöth2001：71）或符号学学科研究“具有符号学（符号介导）基础的人与自然的关系”（Kull 1998：351）。这意味着生态符号学是符号学理论之一，它从人类文化到其他物种，尤其是生态系统，扩展了符号学的核心概念（符号（理解为介导的关系））的范围。最近，我们将生态符号学指定为“符号学的一个分支，研究符号过程是生态现象的原因”（Maran，Kull 2014：41）。生态符号学的关注点可能被认为是与生命生物过程的更广泛背景相关的符号学过程（Maran 2017a：5）。塔尔图族生态符号学的开端可以通过塔尔图大学出版社出版的《标志系统研究》杂志上发表的两篇影响力论文来加以标记：“生态符号学”（Nöth，1998年）和“符号生态学：半球体的不同性质”（ Kull 1998）（有关塔尔图生态符号事件和活动历史的详细概述，请参见表1）。Kalevi Kull之间的合作 塔尔图族生态符号学的开端可以通过塔尔图大学出版社出版的《标志系统研究》杂志上发表的两篇影响力论文来加以标记：“生态符号学”（Nöth，1998年）和“符号生态学：半球体的不同性质”（ Kull 1998）（有关塔尔图生态符号事件和活动历史的详细概述，请参见表1）。Kalevi Kull之间的合作 塔尔图族生态符号学的开端可以通过塔尔图大学出版社出版的《标志系统研究》杂志上发表的两篇影响力论文来加以标记：“生态符号学”（Nöth，1998年）和“符号生态学：半球体的不同性质”（ Kull 1998）（有关塔尔图生态符号事件和活动历史的详细概述，请参见表1）。Kalevi Kull之间的合作