ABSTRACT An analytical study is presented, aimed to determine the elemental composition of copper-based artefacts dated back from Copper Age to Early Iron Age (mid-fourth millennium to the VIIIth century B.C.), found on the Tyrrhenian side of the peninsula, corresponding to the Lazio region. The objects belong to different archaeological contexts and had various functions. They were analysed by the X-ray fluorescence technique. The results highlight the experimental character of Copper Age metallurgy, which will later evolve in the established use of copper-tin alloys. Regarding the Bronze Age, despite the typological and functional heterogeneity of the artefacts and the wide chronological range, the alloys are relatively homogeneous in composition, with regular changes that appear related to chronology, according to what is already known for the Italian peninsula. Such changes are supposedly due to variations in the availability of tin, which was not locally mined. Early Iron Age metallurgy is represented by the Selvicciola Hoard solely, which restricts the possibility of generalizing the conclusions. A striking feature of the alloys is the great compositional difference between the complete and the fragmented artefacts. The formers are made of tin bronze, whereas in the latter tin is replaced by antimony and/or lead. The use of such unusual alloys is unlikely due to lack of metallurgical knowledge. Considering the urbanized communities that arose in the Middle-Tyrrhenian area during the Early Iron Age, we suppose that such variability in a single context might be related to a production system capable of using alloys of different quality and value to satisfy a diversified demand.

中文翻译：

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伊特鲁里亚南部（意大利中部）金属制品的生产：从铜时代到铁器时代的案例研究

摘要提出了一项分析研究，旨在确定从铜器时代到铁器时代早期（公元前四千年至公元前八世纪）的铜质伪像的元素组成，该元素位于半岛第勒尼安一侧，对应于拉齐奥地区。这些物品属于不同的考古背景，具有不同的功能。通过X射线荧光技术对其进行了分析。结果突出了铜时代冶金学的实验特征，后来随着铜锡合金的实际使用而发展。关于青铜器时代，尽管人工制品在类型和功能上存在异质性，并且在时间上有较宽泛的范围，但合金的成分相对均一，并且出现与时间相关的规则变化，根据已知的意大利半岛。据推测，这种变化是由于锡的可利用性变化而引起的，而锡的开采并非本地开采。早期铁器时代的冶金仅由Selvicciola Hoard代表，这限制了对结论进行概括的可能性。合金的一个显着特征是完整的和不完整的伪像之间的成分差异很大。前者由锡青铜制成，而后者则由锑和/或铅代替。由于缺乏冶金学知识，不太可能使用这种不寻常的合金。考虑到铁器时代初期在中第勒尼安地区兴起的城市化社区，