ABSTRACT Metallographic analyses were performed on several types of early medieval iron axes (hammers) and on a piece of a belt set, found in Hungary, using optical and SEM-EDS microscopes. The examinations were focusing on defining structural constituents, determining their distribution and grain size. Inclusions were also investigated. On the basis of the result traces and characteristics of different technological methods of forging could have been detected. The examined axes were supposedly forged from a piece of inhomogeneous iron without folding, kept at high temperature for a longer period and forged the edges multiple times, not intensely. The belt accessories were covered by an iron oxide layer, however, the complex investigation revealed that these belt ornaments are made of various metals. Sandwich-type iron-tin plates, thin iron wires as well as brass and bronze plates have been used in the product. We were able to reconstruct the steps of the production process.

中文翻译：

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Avars的金属加工工艺–铁轴的制造以及用于皮带附件的特殊多金属方法

摘要金相分析是使用光学显微镜和SEM-EDS显微镜对匈牙利早期发现的几种类型的铁制斧头（锤子）和皮带组的一部分进行的。考试的重点是确定结构成分，确定其分布和晶粒尺寸。夹杂物也进行了调查。根据结果​​，可以发现不同锻造技术方法的痕迹和特征。所检查的轴据称是由一块不均匀的铁锻造而成，没有折叠，在高温下保持了更长的时间，并且多次锻造边缘，而不是强烈地锻造。皮带附件被氧化铁层覆盖，但是，复杂的调查显示，这些皮带装饰品是由各种金属制成的。夹心式铁锡板 产品中使用了细铁丝以及黄铜和青铜板。我们能够重构生产过程的步骤。