ABSTRACT The composition of lead inclusions in modern and ancient leaded tin bronzes was studied by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Lattice parameter of lead inclusions in all bronzes was smaller than the lattice parameter of pure lead. This determination indicates that lead inclusions in bronzes are nothing else but Pb–Sn solid solutions. Tin concentration in lead inclusions in modern bronzes was not less than 3 at% in accordance with the Pb–Sn phase diagram, tin concentration in lead inclusions of ancient bronzes was as low as 1 at%. This difference enables a distinction between ancient bronze artefacts and modern products including the most sophisticated fakes. On the other hand, our work demonstrates that the generally accepted Pb–Sn phase diagram corresponds to an incomplete equilibrium state and only after centuries-long aging at ambient temperatures does the Pb–Sn solid solution reach real equilibrium.

中文翻译：

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古代铅锡青铜与现代铅锡青铜之间的可区分性

摘要通过X射线衍射（XRD）和能量色散光谱（EDS）在扫描电子显微镜（SEM）中研究了现代和古代铅锡青铜中铅夹杂物的组成。所有青铜中夹杂物的晶格参数均小于纯铅的晶格参数。该测定结果表明，青铜中的铅夹杂物只是Pb-Sn固溶体。根据Pb-Sn相图，现代青铜中铅夹杂物中的锡含量不少于3 at％，古代青铜中铅夹杂物中的锡含量低至1 at％。这种差异可以区分古代青铜制品和现代产品，包括最复杂的假货。另一方面，