ABSTRACT This article aims at presenting the main elements of a cultural transformation concerning debt and credit that took place in Europe and the Americas in the early nineteenth century. It describes the main changes in the international financial institutions and mechanisms, and connects them to the development of a new literature that discussed old and new concepts concerning finances. It introduces positive and negative discourses in relation to credit and debt, and their political meaning, that were born and popularised mainly in the British, French and Spanish public spaces, between the 1820s and the 1850s.

中文翻译：

---

19 世纪早期的国家信用和外债：翻新情景的矛盾表述

摘要 本文旨在展示 19 世纪初欧洲和美洲发生的有关债务和信贷的文化转型的主要因素。它描述了国际金融机构和机制的主要变化，并将它们与讨论有关金融的新旧概念的新文献的发展联系起来。它介绍了与信用和债务及其政治意义相关的正面和负面话语，这些话语主要在 1820 年代和 1850 年代之间在英国、法国和西班牙的公共空间中诞生和流行。