ABSTRACT This article considers Haitian nation-building in the nineteenth century and its connection to the wider development of democracy in the Americas. In the way that the Haitian Revolution has caused scholars to rethink the discourses around concepts like liberty or rights, the early decades of Haiti’s independence also offer the opportunity to consider the meaning of freedom. Full universal freedom was at the centre of building Haiti’s political future, and this article looks at where that sits in the context of how democratic ideas and practices took shape in the nineteenth century by considering three key moments: Jean-Jacques Dessalines’s constitution in 1805; the era of the two Haitis; and unification with Spanish Santo Domingo from 1822–44.

中文翻译：

---

革命后海地的民主自由，c. 1804-1844

摘要 本文考察了 19 世纪海地的国家建设及其与美洲更广泛的民主发展的联系。海地革命使学者们重新思考围绕自由或权利等概念的论述，海地独立的最初几十年也提供了思考自由含义的机会。全面的普世自由是构建海地政治未来的核心，本文通过考虑三个关键时刻，探讨了在 19 世纪民主思想和实践如何形成的背景下，这一点所处的位置：1805 年让-雅克·德萨林 (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) 的宪法；以及 1805 年让·雅克·德萨林 (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) 的宪法；两个海地时代；1822-44 年与西班牙圣多明各统一。