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The interoceanic nation in a world at war: Panama and the 1916 exhibition, a conflicted celebration
Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies ( IF 0.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1080/14701847.2020.1851917
David Marcilhacy 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT After winning its independence in 1903, the Republic of Panama launched a propaganda campaign to create national consciousness and, diplomatically, dispel its image among Ibero-American states as a country “made in Washington”. The 1916 National Exhibition was mounted to serve this dual purpose, and initially scheduled to celebrate both the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Núñez de Balboa (1913), and the opening of the Panama Canal (1914). The authorities met great difficulties in organizing the event, which had to be postponed until 1916, when a world war was underway, and after the Panama-Pacific Exposition already held in San Francisco. This limited its success and drastically reduced international participation, which further emphasized Panama’s isolation. Nevertheless, it marked an essential step in Panama’s self-affirmation as a new nation. Based on unpublished archival sources and the contemporary press, this paper examines the contradictions of this commemoration. On the one hand, the 1916 celebrations sought to highlight the triumphs of modern technology and worldwide exchanges, but in an international context of global war, exacerbated nationalism and imperialist expansion; on the other, the event was used as an affirmation of nationalism and Hispanic identity, when in reality the country’s subordinate relationship with the US was becoming ever more consolidated.

中文翻译:

战争世界中的大洋洲国家:巴拿马和 1916 年的展览,一场相互冲突的庆祝活动

摘要 在 1903 年赢得独立后,巴拿马共和国发起了一场宣传运动,以创造民族意识,并在外交上消除其在伊比利亚美洲国家中作为“华盛顿制造”国家的形象。1916 年举办的国家展览是为了满足这一双重目的,最初计划庆祝努涅斯·德·巴尔博亚 (Núñez de Balboa) 发现太平洋 400 周年(1913 年)和巴拿马运河开通(1914 年)。当局在组织这次活动时遇到了很大困难,不得不推迟到 1916 年,当时世界大战正在进行中,并且在巴拿马-太平洋博览会已经在旧金山举行之后。这限制了它的成功并大大减少了国际参与,进一步强调了巴拿马的孤立。尽管如此,它标志着巴拿马作为一个新国家的自我肯定迈出了重要的一步。基于未公开的档案资料和当代媒体,本文考察了这一纪念活动的矛盾。一方面,1916 年的庆祝活动试图突出现代技术和世界范围交流的胜利,但在全球战争的国际背景下,民族主义和帝国主义扩张加剧;另一方面,该事件被用作对民族主义和西班牙裔身份的肯定,而实际上该国与美国的从属关系正变得越来越巩固。1916 年的庆祝活动旨在突出现代技术和全球交流的胜利,但在全球战争的国际背景下,民族主义和帝国主义扩张加剧;另一方面,该事件被用作对民族主义和西班牙裔身份的肯定,而实际上该国与美国的从属关系正变得越来越巩固。1916 年的庆祝活动旨在突出现代技术和全球交流的胜利,但在全球战争的国际背景下,民族主义和帝国主义扩张加剧;另一方面,该事件被用作对民族主义和西班牙裔身份的肯定,而实际上该国与美国的从属关系正变得越来越巩固。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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