ABSTRACT This study goes beyond the debate on anti- and philo-American discourses to focus on the role U.S. cultural diplomacy played in shaping Spanish views on the United States in the late nineteenth century. Drawing from a wide variety of contemporary sources, it argues that the outbreak of the American Civil War led to the active promotion of American democratic ideals in Spain by a host of official and unofficial cultural diplomats alike. But support for Spanish republicans was gradually replaced by a focus on educational reform as a more effective tool to spread American liberty abroad after the collapse of the Spanish Republic.

中文翻译：

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美国的“朋友”：美国在西班牙文化外交的转型（1865-1900）

摘要 本研究超越了关于反美和爱美话语的辩论，重点关注美国文化外交在 19 世纪后期塑造西班牙对美国的看法方面所发挥的作用。它从广泛的当代资料中得出结论，美国内战的爆发导致了许多官方和非官方文化外交官在西班牙积极推动了美国的民主理想。但在西班牙共和国崩溃后，对西班牙共和党人的支持逐渐被对教育改革的关注所取代，后者是将美国自由传播到国外的更有效工具。