The COVID-19 pandemic has compelled universities and higher education institutions to largely adopt online teaching to avoid face-to-face interactions. Instructors and students teach and learn through computers, laptops, and mobile phones with Internet connections. This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with 17 university students and 7 instructors. It found that student-to-instructor and student-to-student interactions cannot fully establish cognitive social presence and affective social presence. It then provided recommendations including encouragement, incentives, breakout rooms, and engagement techniques.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19影响下在线教室环境中的人与人互动：一种社会存在理论视角

COVID-19大流行迫使大学和高等教育机构在很大程度上采用在线教学，以避免面对面的互动。讲师和学生通过具有Internet连接的计算机，笔记本电脑和移动电话进行教学和学习。这项定性研究对17位大学生和7位讲师进行了深入访谈。研究发现，学生与教师之间以及学生与学生之间的互动无法完全建立认知社会存在和情感社会存在。然后，它提供了建议，包括鼓励，激励措施，分组讨论室和参与技巧。