While a circular economy is increasingly being adopted in developed economies, with multinational corporations progressively adopting measures related to it, our knowledge of the reality in developing economies remains limited. Moreover, while new technologies, such as blockchain, might have important features that could impact circular economy frameworks, particularly in developing economies, their practical application remains to be seen, and academic literature is also scarce. This research addresses this gap and aims to provide conceptual clarity on how blockchains can be used in both circular and modified linear economy frameworks and the implications for social, environmental, and economic welfare. In order to do this, we have used two case studies from India to illustrate the application of this concept through a theoretical model based on Nobel Laureate Elinor Ostrom's seminal work regarding the eight design principles involving people's participation in protecting the commons. Merging the circular economy, blockchain, and Ostrom's seminal work, we advance a conceptual framework that allows us, from a holistic perspective, to create incentives and penalties for the different agents involved in the waste cycle, including the producers.

尽管发达经济体越来越多地采用循环经济，而跨国公司也逐渐采取与之相关的措施，但我们对发展中经济体现实的了解仍然有限。此外，尽管诸如区块链之类的新技术可能具有可能影响循环经济框架的重要特征，特别是在发展中经济体中，但其实际应用仍有待观察，而且学术文献也很少。这项研究解决了这一差距，旨在为如何在循环经济和改良线性经济中使用区块链提供概念上的清晰性框架及其对社会，环境和经济福利的影响。为此，我们使用了来自印度的两个案例研究，通过基于诺贝尔奖获得者埃里诺·奥斯特罗姆（Elinor Ostrom）关于涉及人们参与保护公地的八项设计原则的开创性工作的理论模型来说明此概念的应用。合并循环经济，区块链和Ostrom的开创性工作后，我们提出了一个概念框架，使我们可以从整体角度为废物循环中涉及的不同代理（包括生产者）创建激励和惩罚措施。