Energy harvesting in the railway industry has great potential for many applications. Energy harvesters can provide electrical power for track-side, on-board, and infrastructure instruments, including health monitoring sensors, signaling, switches, and safety equipment. Due to the rapidly growing trend of the railway network, a considerable number of instrumentations need to be located in inaccessible, remote, and harsh locations where providing the energy through cable is almost impossible. In these cases, self-powered sensors and distributed power generators can be used based on energy harvesting techniques. High-intensity sound and vibration levels in the railway environment prove them to be promising sources of energy for self-powered devices. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on the railway sound and vibration energy harvesting, from the beginning to the most state-of-the-art. This paper addresses different energy harvesting resources for the railway environment, diverse methods of energy harvesting and their advantages and drawbacks, and at the end, energy harvesting applications in the railway industry. Different models and prototypes of energy harvesters are introduced and compared. Finally, the potential applications of railway energy harvesting are addressed, and future challenges and trends are discussed. The scheme of the present paper is designed in a way to provide readers the most significant principles that need to be considered in the design of railway energy harvesters.

中文翻译：

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铁路应用的声音和振动能量收集：线性和非线性技术综述

铁路行业的能量收集在许多应用中具有巨大的潜力。能量采集器可以为轨道旁、车载和基础设施仪器提供电力，包括健康监测传感器、信号、开关和安全设备。由于铁路网络的快速发展趋势，相当多的仪表需要安装在交通不便、偏远和恶劣的地点，在这些地点几乎不可能通过电缆提供能量。在这些情况下，可以基于能量收集技术使用自供电传感器和分布式发电机。铁路环境中的高强度声音和振动水平证明它们是自供电设备有前途的能源。本文旨在对铁路声音和振动能量收集从最初到最先进的技术进行全面的回顾。本文讨论了铁路环境下的不同能量收集资源、不同的能量收集方法及其优缺点，最后讨论了能量收集在铁路行业的应用。介绍并比较了能量采集器的不同模型和原型。最后，讨论了铁路能量收集的潜在应用，并讨论了未来的挑战和趋势。本文的方案旨在为读者提供铁路能量采集器设计中需要考虑的最重要原则。