There is a lack of appropriate melanoma models that can be used to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutic modalities. Here, we discuss the current state of the art of melanoma models including genetically engineered mouse, patient-derived xenograft, zebrafish, and ex vivo and in vitro models. We also identify five major challenges that can be addressed using such models, including metastasis and tumor dormancy, drug resistance, the melanoma immune response, and the impact of aging and environmental exposures on melanoma progression and drug resistance. Additionally, we discuss the opportunity for building models for rare subtypes of melanomas, which represent an unmet critical need. Finally, we identify key recommendations for melanoma models that may improve accuracy of preclinical testing and predict efficacy in clinical trials, to help usher in the next generation of melanoma therapies.

缺乏合适的黑色素瘤模型可用于评估新型治疗方式的疗效。在这里，我们讨论黑色素瘤模型的最新技术，包括基因工程小鼠、患者来源的异种移植物、斑马鱼以及离体和体外模型。我们还确定了可以使用此类模型解决的五个主要挑战，包括转移和肿瘤休眠、耐药性、黑色素瘤免疫反应以及衰老和环境暴露对黑色素瘤进展和耐药性的影响。此外，我们还讨论了为罕见的黑色素瘤亚型构建模型的机会，这代表了未满足的关键需求。最后，我们确定了黑色素瘤模型的关键建议，这些建议可以提高临床前测试的准确性并预测临床试验的疗效，以帮助迎来下一代黑色素瘤疗法。