Detection of early risk for developing childhood attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) symptoms, inattention and hyperactivity, may be critical for prevention and early intervention. Temperament and parenting are two promising areas of risk, representing potential targets for preventive intervention; however, studies have rarely tested these factors longitudinally using multiple methods and reporters. In a longitudinal sample of 312 low-income boys, this study tested the hypothesis that negative emotionality (NE) and effortful control (EC) in toddlerhood (1.5–3.5 years old) would predict mother- and teacher-reported ADHD-related behaviors at school age (5–7 years old). Direct effects of observed warm, supportive and harsh maternal parenting were tested in relation to ADHD-related behaviors and as moderators of associations between NE and EC and ADHD-related behaviors. Several predictions were supported: 1) Greater maternal-reported toddler NE positively predicted mother-reported ADHD behaviors; 2) Greater observed EC was associated with fewer mother- and teacher-reported ADHD-related behaviors; 3) Warm, supportive parenting predicted fewer teacher-reported ADHD-related behaviors, and harsh parenting predicted more ADHD-related behaviors as reported by parents and teachers; 4) Harsh parenting moderated the association between observed EC and mother-reported ADHD-related behaviors. Together, the findings suggest that lower child EC, lower warm/supportive parenting, and greater harsh parenting in toddlerhood independently signal increased risk for later ADHD-related behaviors; further, the association between low EC and ADHD-related behaviors was amplified in the context of high levels of harsh parenting.

发现儿童注意力缺陷/多动障碍 (ADHD) 症状、注意力不集中和多动症的早期风险可能对预防和早期干预至关重要。气质和养育子女是两个有前途的风险领域，代表了预防干预的潜在目标；然而，研究很少使用多种方法和报告者纵向测试这些因素。在 312 名低收入男孩的纵向样本中，本研究检验了以下假设：幼儿期（1.5-3.5 岁）的消极情绪（NE）和努力控制（EC）可以预测母亲和老师报告的与 ADHD 相关的行为。学龄（5-7 岁）。观察到的温暖的直接影响，支持性和严厉的母亲养育方式与 ADHD 相关行为有关，并作为 NE 和 EC 与 ADHD 相关行为之间关联的调节剂进行了测试。几个预测得到了支持：1）更大的母亲报告的幼儿NE积极预测母亲报告的ADHD行为；2) 更多观察到的 EC 与更少的母亲和教师报告的 ADHD 相关行为相关；3) 温暖、支持性的养育方式预示着教师报告的与 ADHD 相关的行为较少，而严厉的养育方式则预示着家长和教师报告的与 ADHD 相关的行为更多；4) 严厉的养育缓和了观察到的 EC 与母亲报告的 ADHD 相关行为之间的关联。总之，研究结果表明较低的儿童 EC，较低的温暖/支持性养育，幼儿时期更严厉的养育方式独立表明以后与 ADHD 相关的行为风险增加；此外，低 EC 和 ADHD 相关行为之间的关联在高水平严苛养育的背景下被放大。