Prostate cancer is a complex disease that affects millions of men globally, predominantly in high human development index regions. Patients with localized disease at a low to intermediate risk of recurrence generally have a favourable outcome of 99% overall survival for 10 years if the disease is detected and treated at an early stage. Key genetic alterations include fusions of TMPRSS2 with ETS family genes, amplification of the MYC oncogene, deletion and/or mutation of PTEN and TP53 and, in advanced disease, amplification and/or mutation of the androgen receptor (AR). Prostate cancer is usually diagnosed by prostate biopsy prompted by a blood test to measure prostate-specific antigen levels and/or digital rectal examination. Treatment for localized disease includes active surveillance, radical prostatectomy or ablative radiotherapy as curative approaches. Men whose disease relapses after prostatectomy are treated with salvage radiotherapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for local relapse, or with ADT combined with chemotherapy or novel androgen signalling-targeted agents for systemic relapse. Advanced prostate cancer often progresses despite androgen ablation and is then considered castration-resistant and incurable. Current treatment options include AR-targeted agents, chemotherapy, radionuclides and the poly(ADP-ribose) inhibitor olaparib. Current research aims to improve prostate cancer detection, management and outcomes, including understanding the fundamental biology at all stages of the disease.

前列腺癌是一种复杂的疾病，影响着全球数百万男性，主要是在人类发展指数高的地区。如果在早期发现疾病并进行治疗，具有低到中等复发风险的局部疾病患者通常可获得 99% 的 10 年总生存率的有利结果。关键的遗传改变包括TMPRSS2与 ETS 家族基因的融合、 MYC致癌基因的扩增、 PTEN和TP53的缺失和/或突变并且，在晚期疾病中，雄激素受体 (AR) 的扩增和/或突变。前列腺癌通常是通过前列腺活检来诊断的，该活检由血液测试提示以测量前列腺特异性抗原水平和/或直肠指检。局部疾病的治疗包括主动监测、根治性前列腺切除术或消融性放疗作为治疗方法。前列腺切除术后疾病复发的男性接受挽救性放疗和/或雄激素剥夺疗法 (ADT) 治疗局部复发，或接受 ADT 联合化疗或新型雄激素信号靶向药物治疗全身复发。尽管进行了雄激素消融，晚期前列腺癌通常仍会进展，然后被认为具有去势抵抗性和无法治愈的特点。目前的治疗选择包括 AR 靶向药物、化疗、放射性核素和聚（ADP-核糖）抑制剂奥拉帕尼。目前的研究旨在改善前列腺癌的检测、管理和结果，包括了解疾病各个阶段的基础生物学。