The objective of this study was to investigate three different calving detection systems in order to assess and compare their efficiency. The study was conducted at a large‐scale dairy farm involving 54 Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows and heifers. Animals were fitted with multiple devices: a rumination measuring device (Ruminact^® (RA)), an intravaginal thermometer (Vel’Phone^® (VP)) and a tail movement sensor (Moocall^® (MC)) 5 to 7 days before expected calving and were removed after parturition. RA detects rumination time (RT) and calculates it in 2‐hr intervals. VP detects a decrease in vaginal temperature that might indicate calving within 48 hr and the drop in temperature resulting from the expulsion of the device at calving (EXP message). MC detected increased tail movements and if they persisted for one hour, 1HA message was sent. If they continued during the subsequent hour, then 2HA message was sent. Messages sent by MC within 4 hr before calving (C4) were selected retrospectively as true positives for the prediction of calving, using the significant changes in RT as a baseline. All other messages were categorized as false positive. The mean value of RT decreased in a non‐significant manner between interval −22 and −4 before calving. Significant decrease of RT was detectable between the two intervals of −4 and −2 before calving (24.7 ± 18.6 min/2 hr and 14.0 ± 13.0 min/2 hr, respectively). There was no significant difference between RT of primiparous and multiparous animals. EXP messages were accurate (positive predictive value 100%) indicators of the onset of calving. We received on average 12.7 ± 15.2 messages/animal (11.0 ± 10.1 and 16.6 ± 22.2 for cows and heifers, respectively). Positive predictive value was 12.6%. The number of false‐positive messages was significantly higher in heifers. All three automatic systems could be used in a large‐scale farm environment.

中文翻译：

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使用不同技术检测匈牙利大型奶牛场产犊的实地研究

本研究的目的是调查三种不同的产犊检测系统，以评估和比较它们的效率。该研究在一个大型奶牛场进行，涉及 54 头荷斯坦 - 弗里斯兰奶牛和小母牛。动物装有多种装置：反刍测量装置 (Ruminact ^® (RA))、阴道内温度计 (Vel'Phone ^® (VP)) 和尾部运动传感器 (Moocall ^®(MC)) 在预期产犊前 5 至 7 天，并在分娩后移除。RA 检测反刍时间 (RT) 并每隔 2 小时计算一次。VP 检测到阴道温度下降，这可能表明在 48 小时内产犊，以及产犊时设备排出导致的温度下降（EXP 消息）。MC 检测到尾部运动增加，如果它们持续一小时，就会发送 1HA 消息。如果它们在随后的一个小时内继续，则发送 2HA 消息。MC 在产犊前 4 小时内发送的消息 (C4) 被回顾性地选择为预测产犊的真阳性，使用 RT 的显着变化作为基线。所有其他消息都被归类为误报。RT的平均值在产犊前的-22和-4间隔之间以不显着的方式下降。在产犊前 -4 和 -2 的两个间隔之间可检测到 RT 的显着降低（分别为 24.7 ± 18.6 分钟/2 小时和 14.0 ± 13.0 分钟/2 小时）。初产和经产动物的 RT 之间没有显着差异。EXP 消息是产犊开始的准确指标（阳性预测值为 100%）。我们平均收到 12.7 ± 15.2 条消息/动物（奶牛和小母牛分别为 11.0 ± 10.1 和 16.6 ± 22.2）。阳性预测值为 12.6%。小母牛的假阳性信息数量明显更高。所有这三种自动化系统都可以在大规模农场环境中使用。初产和经产动物的 RT 之间没有显着差异。EXP 消息是产犊开始的准确指标（阳性预测值为 100%）。我们平均收到 12.7 ± 15.2 条消息/动物（奶牛和小母牛分别为 11.0 ± 10.1 和 16.6 ± 22.2）。阳性预测值为 12.6%。小母牛的假阳性信息数量明显更高。所有这三种自动化系统都可以在大规模农场环境中使用。初产和经产动物的 RT 之间没有显着差异。EXP 消息是产犊开始的准确指标（阳性预测值为 100%）。我们平均收到 12.7 ± 15.2 条消息/动物（奶牛和小母牛分别为 11.0 ± 10.1 和 16.6 ± 22.2）。阳性预测值为 12.6%。小母牛的假阳性信息数量明显更高。所有这三种自动化系统都可以在大规模农场环境中使用。