A continued interest in polyelectrolyte phase diagrams guides the study of interfacial phenomena driven by polyelectrolyte complexation. The liquid–liquid interfaces formed by associative phase separation of oppositely charged synthetic and natural polyelectrolytes provide measurement challenges addressed by force-sensitive methods and deformed droplet retraction. The ultralow interfacial tension, typical of these systems, is sensitive to salt concentration and temperature and displays universal features described by mean-field theory. Several areas of fundamental development and novel applications of charge complexation for interfacial study and examples from membraneless organelles and biomolecular condensates are described.

对聚电解质相图的持续关注指导了由聚电解质络合驱动的界面现象的研究。由带相反电荷的合成和天然聚电解质缔合相分离而形成的液-液界面，通过力敏方法和变形的液滴回缩解决了测量难题。这些系统特有的超低界面张力对盐浓度和温度敏感，并显示出均场理论所描述的普遍特征。描述了电荷复合物在界面研究中的一些基础发展和新应用领域，并介绍了无膜细胞器和生物分子缩合物的实例。