Abstract

The review is dedicated to characteristics of the mechanical behavior of various materials at submicro- and nanoscale levels. To a large extent, progress in this area is determined by the development of a large family of methods for precision force nanotesting, which have been referred to as “nanoindentation”. However, nanomechanical properties are studied to date not only and not so much by nanoindentation methods in narrow sense, i.e., the methods of local deformation of macro-, micro-, and nanoscale objects. Force nanomechanical testing is interpreted more broadly and includes the application of small forces to the test object and the precise measurements of deformation with nanometer resolution under uniaxial compression, tension, bending, shear, and torsion by various methods with simultaneous in situ registration of their microstructural parameters by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The main research directions developed in the last decade to improve experimental approaches and the results on single-, micro-, and nanocrystalline materials, composites, films, and coatings obtained by means of these approaches in amorphous solids and biomaterials (tissues, living cells, and macromolecules) are described. Particular attention is paid to size effects and atomic deformation/fracture mechanisms at the nanoscale. This review is a natural continuation and development of the author’s review published in Phys. Solid State, vol. 50, issue 12, p. 2113 (2008), in which the specifics of the nanomechanical properties of solids are analyzed, and describes both the basic concepts of nanomechanical testing of materials and the latest advances in this area.

中文翻译：

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亚微米和纳米级材料的纳米压痕和力学性能：最新结果和成就

摘要

该审查致力于亚微米和纳米级别的各种材料的机械性能特征。在很大程度上，这一领域的进展取决于开发用于精密力纳米测试的大量方法，这些方法被称为“纳米压痕”。然而，迄今为止，不仅通过狭义的纳米压痕方法（即宏观，微观和纳米尺度物体的局部变形方法）研究了纳米机械性能，而且还没有进行太多研究。力纳米力学测试的解释更为广泛，包括在测试对象上施加较小的力，以及在单轴压缩，拉伸，弯曲，剪切，通过各种方法扭转和扭转，同时通过电子显微镜和X射线衍射法同时对其微结构参数进行原位配准。在过去的十年中，主要的研究方向是改进实验方法以及通过单晶，微晶和纳米晶体材料，复合材料，薄膜和涂层获得的无定形固体和生物材料（组织，活细胞，和大分子）。特别注意纳米级的尺寸效应和原子变形/断裂机理。这篇评论是《物理学报》上作者评论的自然延续和发展。固态卷。第50期，第12页。2113（2008），其中分析了固体的纳米力学特性，