The esoteric class of programming languages, commonly called esolangs, have long challenged the norms of programming practice and computational culture. Esolangs are a practice of hacker/hobbyists, who don’t primarily think of their work as art. Most esolangs are experiential works; we understand the languages by writing code in them. Through this action, the logic of the language becomes clear. However, a smaller subset of esolangs make their point not through actively writing code, but instead by simply contemplating their rules. We can think of these esolangs as conceptual rather than experiential. Some are designed in such a way that they don’t allow any code to be written for them at all. By stepping away from usability, the conceptual esolangs offer the most direct challenge to the definition of programming language, a commonly used term which is surprisingly unspecific, and usually understood through utility, despite the fact that programming languages predate digital computers. This paper delves into the conceptual esolangs and looks at their challenge to the idea of programming languages.

中文翻译：

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没有代码的语言：故意无法使用，无法计算或概念性编程语言

编程语言的奥秘类（通常称为esolangs）长期以来一直在挑战编程实践和计算文化的规范。Esolangs是黑客/业余爱好者的一种习俗，他们并不首先将他们的作品视为艺术。大多数人都是经验性的作品。我们通过在其中编写代码来理解语言。通过此操作，语言的逻辑变得清晰。但是，一小部分esolang并非通过主动编写代码来表达观点，而是通过简单地考虑其规则来表达观点。我们可以将这些esolang视为概念性的，而不是经验性的。有些设计的方式是根本不允许为他们编写任何代码。通过脱离可用性，概念上的解决方案对编程语言的定义提出了最直接的挑战，尽管编程语言早于数字计算机，但这是一个令人惊讶的不确定性的通用术语，通常可以通过实用程序来理解。本文深入研究了概念上的解决方案，并探讨了它们对编程语言概念的挑战。