The few studies on muscle timing in hand cycling are difficult to classify in the motor skill acquirement due to their variety of methods and content. This study aims to replicate two existing studies and thus to extend and connect the current state of research concerning the muscle timing during synchronous pedalling. The activity on- and offset of biceps brachii, triceps brachii, posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid, upper trapezius, and pectoralis major were identified during an incremental test of an elite and three novice athletes. The results showed differences in inter-muscular coordination between the elite and novice hand cyclists. Although the distinction between active and inactive phases was already evident in novice data, the activation pattern of the elite athlete showed an even more precise differentiation between these two phases. These time windows remained stable even with increasing load accompanied only by changes in all signal amplitude, except for deltoid activity, which showed a later onset and offset with increasing load. Thus, in training of hand cyclist novices, the muscle timing concerning the duration and the crank position should be considered. In future studies, the effect of handicap severity and crank frequency must be studied in greater detail.

中文翻译：

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增量测试中残奥会和新手手循环的肌肉激活模式

由于其方法和内容的多样性，关于手自行车肌肉计时的少数研究难以在运动技能获得中归类。本研究旨在复制现有的两项研究，从而扩展和连接有关同步踏板期间肌肉计时的研究现状。在对一名精英运动员和三名新手运动员进行增量测试期间，确定了肱二头肌、肱三头肌、后三角肌、前三角肌、上斜方肌和胸大肌的活动和偏移。结果表明，精英手骑自行车手和新手手骑自行车者之间的肌肉间协调存在差异。尽管活跃和不活跃阶段之间的区别在新手数据中已经很明显，但精英运动员的激活模式显示出这两个阶段之间的区分更加精确。这些时间窗口即使在负荷增加的情况下也保持稳定，仅伴随所有信号幅度的变化，三角肌活动除外，三角肌活动显示较晚的开始和随着负荷的增加而偏移。因此，在手自行车新手的训练中，应考虑有关持续时间和曲柄位置的肌肉时间。在未来的研究中，必须更详细地研究障碍严重程度和曲柄频率的影响。