In this paper, we examine how online political micro-targeting is regulated in Europe. While there are no specific rules on such micro-targeting, there are general rules that apply. We focus on three fields of law: data protection law, freedom of expression, and sector-specific rules for political advertising; for the latter we examine four countries. We argue that the rules in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) are necessary, but not sufficient. We show that political advertising, including online political micro-targeting, is protected by the right to freedom of expression. That right is not absolute, however. From a European human rights perspective, it is possible for lawmakers to limit the possibilities for political advertising. Indeed, some countries ban TV advertising for political parties during elections.

中文翻译：

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欧洲在线政治微观定位的规定

在本文中，我们研究了欧洲如何规范在线政治微观定位。尽管没有关于此类微观定位的特定规则，但有一些适用的一般规则。我们关注法律的三个领域：数据保护法，言论自由和针对政治广告的特定行业规则；对于后者，我们考察了四个国家。我们认为通用数据保护条例（GDPR）中的规则是必要的，但还不够。我们表明，包括在线政治微观定位在内的政治广告受到言论自由权的保护。但是，这项权利不是绝对的。从欧洲人权的角度来看，立法者有可能限制政治广告的可能性。实际上，一些国家在选举期间禁止为政党提供电视广告。