The existing scholarship in nomadic-sedentary relations has focused on the raids and invasions by nomads against agricultural society, and has attempted to seek internal reasons for this within the nomadic society. Interactive Ming-Mongol history along the Great Wall in the sixteenth century indicates that the agricultural society was also capable of offense. Many raids conducted by nomads were actually revenge for the provocation and raids by the agricultural society, hence they were retaliatory raids. Nomadic-sedentary groups interacted along the Great Wall area; therefore, scholars should turn their attention to this area rather than exclusively search for reasons from internal factors of nomadic society. The razzias upon the Mongols beyond the Great Wall by Ming generals and their retainers have shown that sedentary society were in need of horses, cattle, meat, wool, hides, etc. Ming China’s big market for the nomadic goods drove Ming generals and their retainers to do the profitable, risky, but provocative forays against the Mongols in 16 th century.

中文翻译：

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长城作为 16 世纪蒙古人的危险边疆：重新思考前现代内亚游牧与定居的关系

现有的游牧-定居关系研究主要集中在游牧民族对农业社会的掠夺和入侵，并试图在游牧社会内部寻找其内在原因。16 世纪长城沿线的明蒙古互动历史表明，农业社会也有进攻能力。游牧民族的许多突袭实际上是为了报复农业社会的挑衅和突袭，因此是报复性突袭。游牧定居群体沿长城地区互动；因此，学者们应该将注意力转向这一领域，而不是仅仅从游牧社会的内部因素中寻找原因。