Domestication led to neoteny, tameness, and obedience, but broke the tight family life of the wolf. Modern dogs are bred to follow our orders—unlike wolves, they learn easily to follow pointing fingers— but live in amorphous groups, without the firm dominance of an alpha male and alpha female that one sees in wolf packs. Domestication has led more recently to elaboration of countless breeds of dogs, with different personalities and abilities. Backcrossing to wolves has been important in some breeds, such as the German shepherd.

中文翻译：

---

第一次驯化：狼与人类如何进化。雷蒙德·皮埃罗蒂（Raymond Pierotti）和白兰地·R·福格（Brandy R. 2017.耶鲁大学出版社，纽黑文。326页

驯化导致了新生，驯服和顺从，但打破了狼的家庭生活。现代犬的繁殖遵循我们的命令-与狼不同，它们学会了跟随手指的学习-但生活在无定形的群体中，没有狼群中看到的阿尔法雄性和雌性雌性的绝对优势。驯化最近导致对具有不同个性和能力的无数品种的狗进行精制。在某些品种（例如德国牧羊犬）中，与狼进行回交很重要。