The envenomation caused by freshwater stingrays is one of the most frequent injuries related to aquatic animals in South America. Such injury is severe with skin necrosis as a probable result of the sting and subsequent intense pain. Here, we characterized the accidents caused by freshwater stingrays in Jurua Valley, Acre, Brazil, with reports of people who had suffered injuries. Data collection was performed in nearby communities in the Jurua River and its tributaries through a semi-structured questionnaire. Bathers and fishermen were the main group affected, and injuries were mainly in the lower limbs. The results were similar to those previously reported for other regions of Brazil, except for the treatment applied. Severe pain, edema, erythema, necrosis, and ulceration of the wound are some of the symptoms reported by the injured population. Most of the treatment is based on folk remedies, such as human urine, hot boiled egg, medicinal plants, and nonprescription drugs. In most cases, injuries usually occur in remote areas which favor the use of folk remedies, but the accidents are still neglected by the population itself because of the low lethality. Therefore, educational activities and prophylactic measures should be carried out with a standardization of first aid and late measures. In addition, the correct use of medicinal plants and folk remedies could be a strong ally to ensure a safe and affordable care for the population.

中文翻译：

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西亚马逊河淡水黄貂鱼造成的伤害：民间医学和信仰

淡水黄貂鱼引起的毒害是南美最常见的与水生动物有关的伤害之一。由于刺痛和随后的剧烈疼痛，这种损伤是严重的皮肤坏死。在这里，我们对巴西阿克（Acre）的朱鲁亚河谷（Jurua Valley）淡水黄貂鱼造成的事故进行了描述，并报告了受伤者的情况。通过半结构化问卷在朱拉河及其支流附近的社区中进行了数据收集。泳客和渔民是受影响的主要人群，受伤主要发生在下肢。除采用的处理方法外，结果与巴西其他地区先前报告的结果相似。严重的疼痛，水肿，红斑，坏死和伤口溃疡是受伤人群报告的一些症状。大多数治疗是基于民间疗法，例如人尿，热煮鸡蛋，药用植物和非处方药。在大多数情况下，受伤通常发生在偏远地区，这有利于采用民间疗法，但由于致命性低，事故本身仍被民众所忽略。因此，应采取标准化的急救和后期措施进行教育活动和预防措施。此外，正确使用药用植物和民间疗法可能是确保为民众提供安全且负担得起的护理的强有力的盟友。但是由于杀伤力低，事故本身仍被民众所忽略。因此，教育活动和预防措施应与急救措施和后期措施相统一。此外，正确使用药用植物和民间疗法可能是确保为民众提供安全且负担得起的护理的强有力的盟友。但是由于杀伤力低，事故本身仍被民众所忽略。因此，教育活动和预防措施应与急救措施和后期措施相统一。此外，正确使用药用植物和民间疗法可能是确保为民众提供安全且负担得起的护理的强有力的盟友。