The 2001 invasion and subsequent occupation consolidated ethnicity as a political force in Afghanistan. Inter-ethnic elite bargaining instituted an ethnocratic oligarchy, grounded in the occupation. Against this, everyday politics in Afghanistan has centred on social clientelism, founded on kinship networks rather than ethnicity. At the same time, formal political structures, expressed in the 2004 Constitution, are grounded in Islam and nationalist statehood rather than ethnicity. In recent years sharp disjunctures have emerged between ethnic elites and would-be constituents, creating some electoral fluidity and ethnic de-alignment. The paper addresses the relationship between occupation and ethnocracy in Afghanistan. It takes an historical perspective on the present, debating contending foundations for political solidarity and identification in the country.

中文翻译：

---

阿富汗：族裔军国主义

2001年的入侵和随后的占领巩固了种族，成为阿富汗的一支政治力量。种族间的精英谈判建立了一个以占领为基础的种族主义寡头制度。与此相反，阿富汗的日常政治集中在以亲属关系网络而非种族为基础的社会客户主义上。同时，2004年《宪法》所表达的正式政治结构以伊斯兰教和民族主义国家为基础，而不是以种族为基础。近年来，族裔精英与潜在选民之间出现了尖锐的脱节，造成了选举流动性和族裔脱轨。该文件论述了阿富汗的占领与民族制之间的关系。从现在的角度来看历史