From a sociological point of view the elitist phenomenon must be examined from two angles: the question of renewal of the elites, and that of their unity. When it comes to the question of renewal, internal mobility needs to be distinguished from structural mobility: that is to say, the replacement of one type of elite by another one. For example, could professional politicians give way in the future to amateurs because of the profound mistrust that affects them? Internal renewal is currently limited by the predominantly school-based mode of reproduction that is well demonstrated for the political elite, including the populist political elite, and produces selection effects. About the problem of unity of the elites, there are two distinct questions: are the various elites united, and each one cohesive? The monist hypothesis is faced with difficulties when it is applied to "modern" societies, characterized by a structural differentiation of their sectors of activity. The struggles between elites open up opportunities for the representation of interests of groups outside the elites. Political elites are divided along individual and collective interests and their divisions echo social cleavages. They must be defined and analyzed by their political and ideological tendencies and their links with various groups, but also by their relative positions within political fields. Such hypotheses highlight the distrust in established elites and the populist phenomenon in times of crisis.

中文翻译：

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民主与精英

从社会学的角度来看，精英现象必须从两个角度来考察：精英的更新问题和他们的团结问题。谈到更新问题，内部流动需要区别于结构性流动：即一种精英被另一种精英取代。例如，职业政治家未来是否会因为影响他们的深刻不信任而让位于业余爱好者？内部更新目前受到主要以学校为基础的再生产模式的限制，这种模式在包括民粹主义政治精英在内的政治精英身上得到了很好的证明，并产生了选择效应。关于精英团结的问题，有两个截然不同的问题：各个精英是否团结，并且每一个都有凝聚力？一元论假设在应用于“现代”社会时面临困难，其特征是其活动部门的结构差异。精英之间的斗争为代表精英之外的群体的利益提供了机会。政治精英按照个人和集体利益划分，他们的划分与社会分裂相呼应。他们必须根据他们的政治和意识形态倾向以及他们与不同群体的联系，以及他们在政治领域中的相对位置来定义和分析。这些假设突显了危机时期对既有精英和民粹主义现象的不信任。精英之间的斗争为代表精英之外的群体的利益提供了机会。政治精英按照个人和集体利益划分，他们的划分与社会分裂相呼应。他们必须根据他们的政治和意识形态倾向以及他们与不同群体的联系，以及他们在政治领域中的相对位置来定义和分析。这些假设突显了危机时期对既定精英和民粹主义现象的不信任。精英之间的斗争为代表精英之外的群体的利益提供了机会。政治精英按照个人和集体利益划分，他们的划分与社会分裂相呼应。他们必须根据他们的政治和意识形态倾向以及他们与不同群体的联系，以及他们在政治领域中的相对位置来定义和分析。这些假设突显了危机时期对既定精英和民粹主义现象的不信任。但也取决于他们在政治领域中的相对地位。这些假设突显了危机时期对既定精英和民粹主义现象的不信任。但也取决于他们在政治领域中的相对地位。这些假设突显了危机时期对既定精英和民粹主义现象的不信任。