The paper compares the political leadership of Silvio Berlusconi and Viktor Orban from the beginning of their political careers to 2014, Besides giving a descriptive comparison of the Italian and Hungarian political leaders, the paper focuses on two questions: (1) the nature of their populism; (2) the quality and robustness of the changes induced by their policy. The paper concludes that both leaders introduced a new era in politics, but Orban has been more effective in transforming policy means and priorities and also in adjusting the institutional settings (polity). Unlike Berlusconi, he has become a founder of a new regime; a democracy with authoritarian elements. Both of them are populist leaders in terms of substance, as well as process and linkage, but the ideological nature of their populism is rather different. While Berlusconi represents liberal populism, Orban represents an illiberal one.

中文翻译：

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自由主义和非自由主义的民粹主义。贝卢斯科尼和奥尔班的领导

该论文比较了西尔维奥·贝卢斯科尼和维克多·奥尔班从政治生涯开始到 2014 年的政治领导力，除了对意大利和匈牙利的政治领导人进行描述性比较外，本文重点关注两个问题：（1）他们的民粹主义性质; (2) 由他们的政策引起的变化的质量和稳健性。该论文的结论是，两位领导人都开创了政治的新时代，但欧尔班在转变政策手段和优先事项以及调整制度设置（政体）方面更为有效。与贝卢斯科尼不同，他已成为新政权的创始人；具有专制元素的民主。两者在实质、过程和联系上都是民粹主义领导人，但民粹主义的意识形态性质却大不相同。