In the last few decades xenophobic and extreme right‐wing political movements have become increasingly strong electoral forces in many European countries. The Nordic countries have long been viewed as among the most tolerant countries in the world, with exemplary protection of minorities. Nevertheless, in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland, xenophobic parties also moved into first place during the past decade. Both national and international laws require governments to protect people against discriminatory treatment, but developing effective policies to cope with discrimination requires a clear understanding of the factors that trigger xenophobia. Despite a substantial body of cross‐ national research on the subject, the causes continue to be debated. The article reviews the relevant evidence in an effort to move closer to a clear understanding of causes of xenophobia, particularly in reference to the Nordic countries. Social identity theories, group threat theories, theories of nationalism and value theories all provide us with potentially useful cognitive explanations of xenophobia. To explain the perceived increase of xenophobic sentiments requires a dynamic theory of value change. The article draws on all these approaches, concluding that relatively secure people tend to be more tolerant than less secure once. Summing them up, I conclude that existential security/insecurity is the major cause of non‐xenophobic/ xenophobic attitudes. To test this hypothesis I utilize the data of the World Value Survey project, which covers all the Nordic countries over fifteen years. First, I compare the results of elections to the Received 20 February 2018 © 2018 Olga Iakimova Accepted 29 March 2018 yakimova.ola@gmail.com Published online 3 April 2018 1 The work was funded by Russian Science Foundation (RSF). Grant number 17–18–01194.

中文翻译：

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探索北欧国家仇外心理的动态

在过去的几十年中，仇外心理和极端右翼政治运动已在许多欧洲国家中变得越来越强大。北欧国家长期以来一直被认为是世界上宽容度最高的国家之一，并受到少数群体的保护。然而，在过去的十年中，在丹麦，挪威，瑞典和芬兰，仇外政党也占据了第一位。国家和国际法律都要求政府保护人民免受歧视，但是制定有效的政策以应对歧视需要对引发仇外心理的因素有一个清晰的认识。尽管对此主题进行了大量的跨国研究，但其原因仍在争论中。这篇文章回顾了相关证据，以使人们更加清楚地了解仇外心理的成因，特别是在北欧国家。社会认同理论，群体威胁理论，民族主义理论和价值理论为我们提供了对仇外心理的潜在有用的认知解释。要解释仇外情绪的感知增加，需要动态的价值变化理论。这篇文章借鉴了所有这些方法，认为相对安全的人比没有安全的人更能容忍。总结一下，我得出结论，存在的安全/不安全感是造成非仇外/仇外态度的主要原因。为了检验这个假设，我利用了世界价值调查项目的数据，该项目涵盖了十五年来的所有北欧国家。第一，我将选举结果与2018年2月20日接收的结果进行比较©2018 Olga Iakimova接受2018年3月29日yakimova.ola@gmail.com在线发布2018年4月3日1该工作由俄罗斯科学基金会（RSF）资助。授予号17–18–01194。