The world in which we live is undergoing rapid transformations across all societal systems, affecting such spheres as economy, technology, politics and culture. Undeniably, these processes in turn reshape human values, morals and religious beliefs. Individual and collective identities cannot be static; rather, they are subject to various evolutionary influences. Among the factors that pertain to identity change are global and regional pressures, post-industrial technological developments, migration issues, political challenges, as well as the changing role played by religion in post-secular societies. Indeed, societies and individuals are varying constantly; therefore, identification of the forces driving these changes becomes one of the main concerns of modern intellectual history. Theories and methodologies aimed at understanding the direction and mechanisms behind social change have differed dramatically since the emergence of the social sciences. A teleological approach towards history – and the notion of progress as the continuous improvement of society – was embedded in the Judeo-Christian tradition, whose concept strongly influenced social and political philosophy during the Enlightenment period and inspired the writings of influential 19th and early 20th century social thinkers, from August Comte to Émile Durkheim. In the classical period of the development of the social sciences, social dynamics was understood in terms of either evolution or revolution and seen as a predictable and irreversible process, along which societies moved from a primitive to a complex developmental stage.

中文翻译：

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“您不能两次踏入同一条河” –今天对我们意味着什么？

我们生活的世界正在所有社会系统中快速转变，影响着经济，技术，政治和文化等领域。不可否认，这些过程反过来重塑了人类价值观，道德和宗教信仰。个人和集体身份不能一成不变；相反，它们受到各种进化的影响。与身份变化有关的因素包括全球和区域压力，后工业技术发展，移民问题，政治挑战以及宗教在世俗后社会中所扮演的角色的变化。确实，社会和个人在不断变化。因此，确定驱动这些变化的因素成为现代知识史的主要关注之一。自从社会科学出现以来，旨在了解社会变革背后的方向和机制的理论和方法已经发生了巨大的变化。犹太教-基督教传统植根于目的论的历史观以及作为社会不断进步的进步的观念，其观念在启蒙运动时期极大地影响了社会和政治哲学，并激发了有影响力的19世纪和20世纪初的著作从奥古斯特·孔戴（August Comte）到埃米尔·迪尔库姆（ÉmileDurkheim）的社会思想家。在社会科学发展的古典时期，社会动力学被理解为是进化还是革命，并且被视为可预见和不可逆转的过程，在此过程中，社会从原始发展到复杂的发展阶段。