This study quantifies the effectiveness of information recall with direct and indirect labeling of the annotation layer in a news data visualization. Variations of three data visualizations from The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal were presented to participants in a crowdsourced experiment to measure their story comprehension. Our results demonstrate that direct labeling offers no advantage over indirect labeling. More significantly, annotations on visualizations do no better to enhance comprehension than visualizations without them, contradicting data visualization orthodoxy.

中文翻译：

---

为图形提供指导：评估新闻数据可视化的注释

本研究通过直接和间接标记新闻数据可视化中的注释层来量化信息召回的有效性。在一项众包实验中，向参与者展示了来自《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》和《华尔街日报》的三种数据可视化的变体，以衡量他们对故事的理解。我们的结果表明，直接标记比间接标记没有优势。更重要的是，可视化上的注释并不比没有它们的可视化更好地增强理解力，这与数据可视化的正统观念相矛盾。