This article examines the emergence of the visual documentary genre through the study of Jacob A. Riis's magic lantern spectacles, writings, photographs, audience reception, and critical reviews as published in the press during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To demonstrate an existing strong connection between Riis's lectures and documentary film, in particular, the article also focuses on a more contemporary idea about documenting society—the concept of documentary modes of representation. The analysis of related primary and secondary sources reveals that despite the limitations of technology, “moving” documentary pictures were produced long before they were part of the film genre, and Riis's work should be viewed as one of the principal antecedents to this visual documentary form.

中文翻译：

---

呈现“另一半”：雅各布·里斯的改革摄影和魔灯眼镜作为纪录片的开端

本文通过对雅各布·A·里斯（Jacob A. Riis）在 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初发表在媒体上的魔灯眼镜、著作、照片、观众接受和批评性评论的研究，考察了视觉纪录片类型的出现。为了证明 Riis 的讲座与纪录片之间存在的紧密联系，特别是本文还关注了一个关于记录社会的更现代的想法——纪录片表现模式的概念。对相关一手和二手资料的分析表明，尽管存在技术限制，“移动”纪录片画面早在成为电影类型的一部分之前就已经制作完成，而里斯的作品应该被视为这种视觉纪录片形式的主要前身之一。 .