The personal scope of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) is an area that still needs to be defined by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The issue surrounding the personal scope entails the question of who can claim the protection of fundamental rights. A particularly controversial matter has proved to be the question whether, and if so under what circumstances, private legal entities and public authorities can invoke fundamental rights. This article aims to provide a detailed examination of the ‘landscape’ the CJEU must take into account when dealing with the personal scope of the Charter in the future. Firstly, this landscape is made up of the background and objectives of the EU and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) legal systems. Secondly, it is shaped by the personal scope application of the Charter as interpreted by the CJEU so far, and the personal scope application of the ECHR as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Finally, the application by Member State courts of fundamental rights, via the Charter, ECHR and constitutional rights, forms an element in this landscape. An examination of these aspects will provide answers to the question of how the three main players on the European fundamental rights stage – the CJEU, the ECtHR and the national courts – have applied the personal scope of their fundamental rights up to now. This also encompasses answers to the question of how these applications relate to the different background and objectives of the ECHR and the EU legal systems. These answers will provide the CJEU with tools to deliver well-informed rulings on the personal scope of Charter provisions in the future.

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对欧盟《私人法人团体和公共机构宪章》的保护？欧洲基本权利的个人范围比较

《欧洲联盟基本权利宪章》（《宪章》）的个人范围仍然是欧洲法院（CJEU）需要定义的领域。关于个人范围的问题涉及到谁可以要求保护基本权利的问题。事实证明，一个特别有争议的问题是，在什么情况下，私法实体和公共当局是否可以援引基本权利？本文旨在详细探讨欧洲法院将来在处理《宪章》的个人范围时必须考虑的“风景”。首先，这种情况是由欧盟和《欧洲人权公约》法律制度的背景和目标组成的。其次，迄今为止，欧洲法院对《宪章》的个人范围适用以及欧洲人权法院对《欧洲人权公约》的个人范围适用做出了规定。最后，会员国法院通过《宪章》，《欧洲人权公约》和宪法权利对基本权利的适用，构成了这一领域的要素。对这些方面的研究将为以下问题提供答案：欧洲基本权利舞台上的三个主要参与者-欧洲法院，欧洲人权法院和国家法院-迄今为止如何运用其基本权利的个人范围。这也涵盖了以下问题的答案：这些申请如何与ECHR和欧盟法律体系的不同背景和目标相关联。