In a continually changing global political environment, fake news has become a widely debated topic by both researchers and ordinary people. Despite the relevance and the diversity of approaches, few studies have focused on the typology of fake news in specialised scientific literature, while proper assessment methods and detection techniques are not well-established yet. This paper addresses the complex concept of fake news, presenting its significance and highlighting its different types, from propaganda to news satire; the moderators of the fake news effects and the ways to counter disinformation. This exploratory study reveals that solutions to combat the phenomenon exist, but they focus more on effects rather than on causes, leaving space open for further research.

中文翻译：

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假新闻的阴影：打击虚假信息的表现，影响和方式

在不断变化的全球政治环境中，虚假新闻已成为研究人员和普通百姓广泛争论的话题。尽管方法的相关性和多样性，但很少有研究集中在专业科学文献中的假新闻类型上，而尚未建立起适当的评估方法和检测技术。本文探讨了假新闻的复杂概念，提出了其意义并强调了从宣传到新闻讽刺的不同类型。伪造新闻效果的主持人以及应对虚假信息的方法。这项探索性研究表明，存在解决该现象的解决方案，但是它们更多地关注效果而不是原因，从而为进一步研究留出了空间。