Multi-purpose use of forests in a sustainable way forces a recognition of how introduction of alien woody species in forests with different land use histories affect native plants other than trees. Lingonberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea is an important understory component of temperate and boreal forests and provider of valuable non-wood forest products. Here we studied effects of land use changes and introduction of Northern red oak Quercus rubra on lingonberry in mesic Scots pine forests (in central Poland). We measured lingonberry cover, height of shoots, biomass of stems and leaves, and fruit productivity. Shoots were collected within 200 research plots located in recent and ancient Scots pine forests, with and without Q. rubra. We found that V. vitis-idaea reached lower cover, aboveground biomass and fruit production in recent than ancient forests and in forests with than without Q. rubra. The fruit production in recent pine forest was only 2% of that reported in ancient pine forest, and V. vitis-idaea did not reproduce generatively in forests with Q. rubra. Biomass and carbon sequestration of V. vitis-idaea in forests with alien (invasive) trees decreased by 75% compared to ancient pine forest. Effects were also clear at the individual shoot level – in less suitable conditions we found taller heights and higher biomass allocation into stems than foliage. Biomass allocation in fruiting and non-fruiting shoots in pine forests was also different – less of the dry biomass of fruiting shoots was allocated to leaves than to stems. In the age of high interest in ecosystem services and discussions about usage of alien tree species as alternatives in forest management, our results clearly indicate disruption of ecosystem services provided by V. vitis-idaea in the presence of Q. rubra. Lingonberry benefited from the continuity of forest land use, however, regardless of land-use legacy, alien tree introduction led to decline in abundance of species crucial for ecosystem functioning. Therefore, to maintain valuable native species and for conservation of ecosystem services delivery, we suggest limiting the introduction of Q. rubra in areas with abundant V. vitis-idaea, especially in forests with continuous forest land-use history.

中文翻译：

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森林土地利用的不连续性和北部赤栎栎的引入改变了越橘越桔的生物量分配和生命策略

以可持续方式对森林进行多用途利用，迫使人们认识到，在具有不同土地利用历史的森林中引入外来木本物种如何影响树木以外的本土植物。越橘越桔是温带和北方森林的重要林下成分，并且是有价值的非木材森林产品的提供者。在这里，我们研究了土地利用变化的影响以及北部赤栎栎（Quercus rubra）对中度苏格兰松树林（位于波兰中部）越橘的影响。我们测量了越橘的覆盖率，芽的高度，茎和叶的生物量以及果实的生产力。在有和没有Q. rubra的新近和古代苏格兰松树林中的200个研究区中收集了芽。我们发现V. vitis-idaea达到了较低的覆盖率，地上生物量和水果产量比古代森林和有或没有Q. rubra的森林要高。最近的松树林中的水果产量仅为古代松树林中报告的水果产量的2％，而葡萄红斑病菌在Q. rubra的森林中无法繁殖。与古老的松树林相比，带有外来（入侵）树木的森林中葡萄葡萄的生物量和碳固存减少了75％。在个体嫩芽水平上的效果也很明显-在较不适合的条件下，我们发现茎比茎叶更高的高度和更高的生物量分配。松林中的出芽和未出芽的生物量分配也不同–出芽的干生物量分配给叶子的量少于茎。在对生态系统服务高度关注并讨论使用外来树种作为森林管理替代方案的时代，我们的研究结果清楚地表明，在存在Q. rubra的情况下，V。vitis-idaea提供的生态系统服务受到干扰。越橘得益于森林土地利用的连续性，但是，不管土地使用的遗产如何，外来树木的引入都导致了对生态系统功能至关重要的物种数量的减少。因此，为了保持珍贵的本地物种并保护生态系统服务的提供，我们建议限制在具有大量V. vida-idaea的地区，特别是在具有连续森林土地使用历史的森林中引入红毛菜。鲁布拉。越橘得益于森林土地利用的连续性，但是，不管土地使用的遗产如何，外来树木的引入都导致了对生态系统功能至关重要的物种数量的减少。因此，为了保持珍贵的本地物种并保护生态系统服务的提供，我们建议限制在具有大量V. vida-idaea的地区，特别是在具有连续森林土地使用历史的森林中引入红毛菜。鲁布拉。越橘得益于森林土地利用的连续性，但是，不管土地使用的遗产如何，外来树木的引入都导致了对生态系统功能至关重要的物种数量的减少。因此，为了保持珍贵的本地物种并保护生态系统服务的提供，我们建议限制在具有大量V. vida-idaea的地区，特别是在具有连续森林土地使用历史的森林中引入红Q.。