COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) betacoronavirus, affects children in a different way than it does in adults, with milder symptoms. However, several cases of neurological symptoms with neuroinflammatory syndromes, such as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), following mild cases, have been reported. As with other viral infections, such as rubella, influenza, and cytomegalovirus, SARS-CoV-2 induces a surge of proinflammatory cytokines that affect microglial function, which can be harmful to brain development. Along with the viral induction of neuroinflammation, other noninfectious conditions may interact to produce additional inflammation, such as the nutritional imbalance of fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Additionally, transient thyrotoxicosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 with secondary autoimmune hypothyroidism has been reported, which could go undetected during pregnancy. Together, those factors may pose additional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection impacting mechanisms of neural development such as synaptic pruning and neural circuitry formation. The present review discusses those conditions in the perspective of the understanding of risk factors that should be considered and the possible emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders in COVID-19-infected children.
Neuroimmunomodulation

中文翻译：

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神经炎症和大脑发育：受COVID-19感染的儿童的可能危险因素

COVID-19是一种由严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）β冠状病毒引起的疾病，其对儿童的影响与成年人不同，其症状较轻。但是，已经报道了一些轻度病例后的神经系统症状，如多系统炎症综合症（MIS-C）。与其他病毒感染（例如风疹，流感和巨细胞病毒）一样，SARS-CoV-2会诱导影响小胶质细胞功能的促炎性细胞因子激增，这可能对大脑发育有害。除病毒诱导的神经炎症外，其他非感染性疾病也可能相互作用而产生其他炎症，例如脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的营养失衡以及怀孕期间的饮酒。另外，据报道，SARS-CoV-2引起的短暂性甲状腺毒症伴继发性自身免疫性甲状腺功能减退症，在怀孕期间可能未被发现。这些因素加在一起可能会对SARS-CoV-2感染造成影响神经发育机制（如突触修剪和神经回路形成）的其他危险因素。本综述从理解应考虑的危险因素以及可能感染COVID-19的儿童中出现神经发育障碍的角度讨论了这些情况。这些因素可能构成SARS-CoV-2感染影响神经发育机制（如突触修剪和神经回路形成）的其他风险因素。本综述从理解应考虑的危险因素以及可能感染COVID-19的儿童中出现神经发育障碍的角度讨论了这些情况。这些因素可能构成SARS-CoV-2感染影响神经发育机制（如突触修剪和神经回路形成）的其他风险因素。本综述从理解应考虑的危险因素以及可能感染COVID-19的儿童中出现神经发育障碍的角度讨论了这些情况。
神经免疫调节