Citizen Science (CS) projects vary greatly. The aims and goals of a CS project determine the type of citizen involvement and the tools to be used, which in most cases also entail information and communication technology (ICT) that facilitates public participation in scientific research. Resource limitations in CS projects often require adopting suboptimal tools, which, however, may come with hidden costs stemming from poor usability and underwhelming functionality, thus reducing volunteers’ motivation. Meeting the volunteers’ expectations by designing or using existing tools with functional features which fulfill and nurture their motivations, will foster long-term participation and contribute to project sustainability. This paper reviews the types of CS projects, volunteer motivation and retention strategies from the literature and classifies them thematically. This is distilled into guidance that can help CS practitioners to design and implement CS tools and plan and manage CS projects, which better serve their scientific and volunteer-related goals.

公民科学（CS）项目差异很大。CS项目的目的和目标决定了公民参与的类型和所使用的工具，在大多数情况下，还需要促进公众参与科学研究的信息和通信技术（ICT）。CS项目中的资源限制通常要求采用次优的工具，但是，这些工具可能会因可用性差和功能不足而产生隐性成本，从而降低了志愿者的积极性。通过设计或使用具有功能特征的现有工具来满足志愿者的期望，这些工具功能可以实现并培养他们的动机，有助于长期参与并有助于项目的可持续性。本文回顾了CS项目的类型，根据文献中的志愿者动机和保留策略对它们进行主题分类。这被提炼为指导，可以帮助CS实践者设计和实施CS工具以及规划和管理CS项目，从而更好地服务于他们的科学目标和与志愿者相关的目标。