1. The Pleistocene glaciations shaped the distribution and population structure of most European species. Some species survived the glacial cycles by shifting their range to Mediterranean refuges, while others endured in central European habitats. It has been argued that certain cold‐tolerant aquatic insect populations were able to persist in non‐freezing rivers close to glaciers. We aimed to identify the Pleistocene biogeographic history of a net‐winged midge (Blephariceridae), a relatively unknown group of Dipteran montane habitat specialists, by inference from its current population genetic structure.
2. We sampled five mountain ranges covering the extent of the species range. We genotyped a novel set of 11 microsatellites and sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome‐c‐oxidase subunit I region to detect genetic structure within and among five European mountain ranges in the net‐winged midge Liponeura cinerascens cinerascens.
3. Liponeura cinerascens cinerascens shows distinct genetic differentiation between different mountain ranges, coupled, however, with near panmictic gene flow across distances exceeding 100 km within each studied mountain range. Distinct mitochondrial cytochrome‐c‐oxidase subunit I lineages with endemic haplotypes, microsatellite population genetic structure and high levels of regionally private alleles provide evidence that mountain range populations have been evolving independently from each other for a significant number of generations.
4. Liponeura cinerascens cinerascens is able to maintain gene flow between watercourses in highly structured mountain ranges. Lowland regions, however, pose significant dispersal barriers, possibly because high‐gradient stretches with boulders are rare in such landscapes. We posit that each of the studied mountain regions represents an independent Pleistocene glacial refuge, and that L. c. cinerascens was able to persist glacial cycles in extra‐Mediterranean periglacial refugia in the Jura Mountains, Bavarian Forest, and Carpathians.

中文翻译：

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遗传数据支持山地网翅mid蚊（Liptoneura cinerascens cinerascens（双翅目，双翅目科）的多处冰川re回的局部持久性）。

1. 更新世的冰川影响了大多数欧洲物种的分布和种群结构。一些物种通过将其范围转移到地中海避难所而幸免于冰川循环，而其他物种则在中欧栖息地中生存。有人认为，某些耐寒水生昆虫种群能够在靠近冰川的非冰冻河流中持续存在。我们旨在通过网翅its（Blephariceridae）的更新世生物地理历史来确定，这是一种相对未知的Dipteran山地生境专家小组，它是根据其当前种群的遗传结构推断的。
2. 我们采样了五个山脉，涵盖了物种范围的范围。我们对一组11个新的微卫星进行了基因分型，并对线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I区域进行了测序，以检测网翅mid蚊（Lipeoneura cinerascens cinerascens）的五个欧洲山脉内及其之间的遗传结构。
3. 灰叶猪油单胞菌（Lipononeura cinerascens cinerascens）在不同的山脉之间显示出明显的遗传分化，但是，在每个研究的山脉中，近距离超过100 km的近距基因基因流。具有地方性单倍型，微卫星种群遗传结构和高水平的区域性等位基因的不同线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基I谱系提供了证据，表明山脉种群已经相互独立地进化了很多代。
4. 灰叶立牛（Lipononeura cinerascens）灰皮能够维持高度结构化山脉中水道之间的基因流动。然而，低地地区构成了巨大的分散障碍，这可能是因为在这种景观中很少有带砾石的高梯度伸展带。我们假设，每个研究的山区代表一个独立的更新世冰川避难所，而L. c。灰熊能够在汝拉山脉，巴伐利亚森林和喀尔巴阡山脉的地中海沿岸冰期避难所中维持冰川周期。