Air, water, and soil pollution devastate countless ecosystems and deteriorate human health. Adsorption has commonly been used as a pollutant removal technique, but ongoing materials science research is still searching for more efficient, cheaper, and scalable sorbent materials. Herein, we discuss the synthesis and pollutant-capturing abilities of covalent polymeric structures, including covalent organic polymers and covalent organic frameworks that contain organic macrocycles in the backbone of their structures. These organic macrocycles (cyclodextrin, calixarene, cucurbituril, pillararene, and porphyrin) possess cavities and functional groups that can sequester pollutants by forming supramolecular interactions. The insolubility of these materials prominently aids in their regeneration and recyclability potentials. Following a discussion on the synthetic strategies used in the polymerization of each type of macrocycle, environmental applications of these materials are presented. Here, we focus on the removal of micropollutants, charged species, metal ions, oils and organic solvents, perfluorinated substances, iodine, and volatile organic compounds.

空气，水和土壤污染破坏了无数的生态系统，并使人类健康恶化。吸附通常被用作污染物去除技术，但是正在进行的材料科学研究仍在寻找更有效，更便宜且可扩展的吸附材料。在这里，我们讨论了共价聚合物结构的合成和捕获污染物的能力，包括共价有机聚合物和在其结构主链中包含有机大环的共价有机骨架。这些有机大环化合物（环糊精，杯芳烃，西葫芦，柱状芳烃和卟啉）具有空腔和官能团，可以通过形成超分子相互作用来隔离污染物。这些材料的不溶性显着有助于其再生和可回收性潜力。在讨论了每种大环化合物的聚合反应中使用的合成策略后，介绍了这些材料的环境应用。在这里，我们着重于去除微污染物，带电物质，金属离子，油和有机溶剂，全氟化物质，碘和挥发性有机化合物。