Background

The environmental impact of pesticides has been an increasingly discussed issue over the last decades. Constant usage of pesticides presents a burden for soil and causes a decrease in its health, including the negative effects on earthworms which are indicators for soil quality. The objective of this research was the assessment of the effects of two insecticides and two herbicides on the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Namely, the following active ingredients and respective commercial preparations were investigated: esfenvalerate (Sumialfa), thiacloprid (Calypso), dimethenamid-p (Frontier) and prosulfocarb (Filon). Lethal concentrations (48 h) of both active ingredient and commercial preparations were determined using the filter paper contact test.

Results

The results showed that Calypso and Frontier were significantly more toxic than the active ingredient. Therefore, all further measurements were performed after exposure of earthworms to the commercial preparations of the pesticides. Specifically, several enzymatic biomarkers and multixenobiotic resistance activity were assessed. Additionally, a fluorescence-based assay for the determination of oxidative stress was established. Significant changes were detected for catalase, carboxylesterase and multixenobiotic activities after 48-h exposures. Also, a significant change in oxidative stress parameters could be observed for both Calypso and Frontier.

Conclusions

The obtained results show that commercial preparations can be more toxic than the active ingredients, and the formulations being distributed in the environment can affect earthworms on a molecular level already after short exposures. This emphasizes the importance of a more integrated eco-toxicological assessment of commercial pesticide preparations not to underestimate their effects on the environment.

中文翻译：

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农药的商业制剂在higherEisenia andrei中具有较高的毒性并引起亚细胞水平的变化

背景

在过去的几十年中，农药对环境的影响已成为越来越多的讨论话题。不断使用农药会给土壤增加负担，并导致其健康下降，其中包括对earth的负面影响，are是土壤质量的指标。本研究的目的是评估两种杀虫剂和两种除草剂对E Eisenia andrei的影响。即，研究了以下活性成分和各自的商业制剂：艾斯芬戊酸酯（Sumialfa），噻虫啉（Calypso），丁二烯胺-p（Frontier）和原磺卡威（Filon）。使用滤纸接触试验测定活性成分和市售制剂的致死浓度（48小时）。

结果

结果表明，Calypso和Frontier的毒性明显高于活性成分。因此，在将measurements暴露于农药的商业制剂后进行所有进一步的测量。具体而言，评估了几种酶促生物标志物和多异生物抗药性。另外，建立了用于确定氧化应激的基于荧光的测定法。接触48小时后，检测到过氧化氢酶，羧酸酯酶和多异生物活性的显着变化。同样，对于Calypso和Frontier，可以观察到氧化应激参数的显着变化。

结论

获得的结果表明，商品制剂比活性成分的毒性更大，并且在环境中分布的制剂在短时间暴露后已经可以在分子水平上影响affect。这强调了对商业农药制剂进行更全面的生态毒理学评估的重要性，不能低估其对环境的影响。