The increasingly wide use of next-generation sequencing technologies has revolutionised our knowledge of microbial environments associated with human skin, gastrointestinal tract and blood. The collective set of microorganisms influences metabolic processes, affects immune responses, and so directly or indirectly modulates disease. Rosacea is a skin condition of abnormal inflammation and vascular dysfunction, and its progression is affected by Demodex mites on the skin surface. When looking into the effects influencing development of rosacea, it is not only the skin microbiome change that needs to be considered. Changes in the intestinal microbiome and their circulating metabolites, as well as changes in the blood microbiome also affect the progression of rosacea. Recent research has confirmed the increased presence of bacterial genera like Acidaminococcus and Megasphera in the intestinal microbiome and Rheinheimera and Sphingobium in the blood microbiome of rosacea patients. In this review we discuss our current knowledge of the interactions between the immune system and the skin, gut and blood microbiome, with particular attention to rosacea diagnostic opportunities.

中文翻译：

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免疫系统与皮肤、血液和肠道微生物群在酒渣鼻发病机制中的相互作用。

新一代测序技术的日益广泛应用彻底改变了我们对与人类皮肤、胃肠道和血液相关的微生物环境的认识。一组微生物影响代谢过程，影响免疫反应，从而直接或间接调节疾病。酒渣鼻是一种异常炎症和血管功能障碍的皮肤病，其发展受到皮肤表面蠕形螨的影响。在研究影响酒渣鼻发展的影响时，不仅需要考虑皮肤微生物组的变化。肠道微生物组及其循环代谢物的变化以及血液微生物组的变化也会影响酒渣鼻的进展。最近的研究证实，酒渣鼻患者的肠道微生物组中存在更多的细菌属，如酸胺球菌和巨球藻，以及酒渣鼻患者的血液微生物组中存在莱茵黑麦菌和鞘氨醇。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了我们目前对免疫系统与皮肤、肠道和血液微生物群之间相互作用的了解，特别关注红斑痤疮的诊断机会。