Visibility graphs (VGs), horizontal visibility graphs (HVGs) and the sandbox algorithm (SB) are applied for multifractal characterization of complex network systems that are converted from time series measurements, are used to characterize the fluctuations in pseudorapidity densities of singly charged particles produced in [Formula: see text]O–AgBr interactions at 60[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]GeV. The work presents the analysis of ring-like and jet-like events in terms of multifractality characterization of [Formula: see text]O–AgBr interactions at 60[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]GeV. We systematically compared the experimental events of both ring- and jet-like events with Monte Carlo (MC) simulated events. The investigation reveals that the multifractal spectrum for the jet-like events and ring-like events is different and can be distinguished. The ring-like events have its parameters slightly higher than that of jet-like events. Further analysis shows that the strength of the nonstatistical fluctuations is larger for ring-like events than those of jet-like events. The SB method presented here appears to be more useful than the conventional methods used for multifractal characterization.

中文翻译：

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复杂网络分析框架下 60AGeV/c 下 16O-Ag/Br 相互作用中环状事件中介子的显着波动

可见性图 (VG)、水平可见性图 (HVG) 和沙盒算法 (SB) 用于复杂网络系统的多重分形表征，这些网络系统是从时间序列测量转换而来的，用于表征产生的单带电粒子的伪快速密度波动[公式：见正文]O-AgBr 相互作用在 60[公式：见正文]A[公式：见正文]GeV。这项工作根据 [公式：见文本]O-AgBr 相互作用在 60[公式：见文本]A[公式：见文本]GeV 的多重分形表征分析了环状和喷射状事件。我们系统地比较了环状和喷射状事件的实验事件与蒙特卡洛（MC）模拟事件。研究表明，喷射状事件和环状事件的多重分形谱是不同的，可以区分。环状事件的参数略高于喷射状事件。进一步分析表明，环状事件的非统计波动强度大于喷射状事件的强度。这里介绍的 SB 方法似乎比用于多重分形表征的传统方法更有用。