Carbon-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles are promising candidate materials for drug-delivery applications. However, due to their hydrophobic and aggregation properties, which indicate lower biocompatibility, proper surface modification of the carbon-based material is required. In the present study, we present the facile route to producing biocompatible magnetic nanocomposite iron oxide/carbon using the liquid medium arc-discharge method. The medium used was ethanol 50% with urea added in various concentrations. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD), the nanocomposite produced was confirmed to have a crystalline structure with distinctive peaks representing iron oxide, graphite, and urea. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of the nanocomposite produced in ethanol/acetic acid or ethanol/urea medium shows several vibrations, including Fe–O, C–H, C–O, C=C, C–H, O–H, and C–N, which are intended to be the attached aromatic oxygen- and amine-containing functional groups. The nanocomposite particle was observed to have a core–shell structure that had an iron-compound core coated in a carbon shell possibly modified by polymeric urea groups. The presence of these groups suggested that the nanocomposite would be biocompatible with biological entities in the living body. Lastly, the prepared nanocomposite Fe₃O₄/C-urea underwent an in-vivo acute toxicity assay to confirm its toxicity. The highest dose of 2000 mg kg⁻¹ BW in this study caused no deaths in the test animals even though cell damages were observed, especially in the liver. This highest dose is considered a maximum tolerable dose and is defined as practically non-toxic.

碳包裹的磁性纳米粒子是用于药物递送应用的有前途的候选材料。然而，由于它们的疏水性和聚集性，表明其生物相容性较低，因此需要对碳基材料进行适当的表面改性。在本研究中，我们提出了使用液体介质电弧放电法生产生物相容性磁性纳米复合铁氧化物/碳的简便途径。使用的培养基是 50% 的乙醇，其中添加了各种浓度的尿素。使用 X 射线衍射 (XRD)，确认生产的纳米复合材料具有晶体结构，具有代表氧化铁、石墨和尿素的独特峰。在乙醇/乙酸或乙醇/尿素介质中产生的纳米复合材料的傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 分析显示出几种振动，包括 Fe-O、C-H、C-O、C=C、C-H、O-H 和 C-N，它们旨在作为连接的芳香族含氧和胺官能团。观察到纳米复合颗粒具有核壳结构，该结构具有包覆在碳壳中的铁化合物核，该碳壳可能被聚合脲基团改性。这些基团的存在表明纳米复合材料将与活体内的生物实体具有生物相容性。最后，制备的纳米复合材料 Fe 这些基团的存在表明纳米复合材料将与活体内的生物实体具有生物相容性。最后，制备的纳米复合材料 Fe 这些基团的存在表明纳米复合材料将与活体内的生物实体具有生物相容性。最后，制备的纳米复合材料 Fe₃ O ₄ /C-尿素进行了体内急性毒性试验以确认其毒性。在这项研究中，最高剂量 2000 mg kg ^-1 BW 未导致试验动物死亡，即使观察到细胞损伤，尤其是肝脏损伤。这个最高剂量被认为是最大可耐受剂量，并被定义为实际上无毒。