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Racial residential segregation and economic disparity jointly exacerbate COVID-19 fatality in large American cities
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-31 , DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14567 Qinggang Yu 1 , Cristina E Salvador 1 , Irene Melani 1 , Martha K Berg 1 , Enrique W Neblett 2 , Shinobu Kitayama 1
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-31 , DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14567 Qinggang Yu 1 , Cristina E Salvador 1 , Irene Melani 1 , Martha K Berg 1 , Enrique W Neblett 2 , Shinobu Kitayama 1
Affiliation
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The disproportionately high rates of both infections and deaths among racial and ethnic minorities (especially Blacks and Hispanics) in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic are consistent with the conclusion that structural inequality can produce lethal consequences. However, the nature of this structural inequality in relation to COVID-19 is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that two structural features, racial residential segregation and income inequality, of metropolitan areas in the United States have contributed to health-compromising conditions, which, in turn, have increased COVID-19 fatalities; moreover, that these two features, when combined, may be particularly lethal. To test this hypothesis, we examined the growth rate of confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in an early 30-day period of the outbreak in the counties located in each of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the United States. The growth curves for cases and deaths were steeper in counties located in metropolitan areas where Blacks and Hispanics are residentially segregated from Whites. Moreover, the effect of racial residential segregation was augmented by income inequality within each county. These data strongly suggest that racial and economic disparities have caused a greater death toll during the current pandemic. We draw policy implications for making virus-resilient cities free from such consequences.
中文翻译：
种族居住隔离和经济差距共同加剧了美国大城市的 COVID-19 死亡人数
在 COVID-19 大流行期间，美国少数种族和族裔（尤其是黑人和西班牙裔）的感染率和死亡率极高，这与结构性不平等可能产生致命后果的结论是一致的。然而，人们对这种与 COVID-19 相关的结构性不平等的性质知之甚少。在这里，我们假设美国大都市区的两个结构性特征，即种族居住隔离和收入不平等，导致了健康状况恶化，进而增加了 COVID-19 死亡人数；此外，这两个特征结合起来可能特别致命。为了检验这一假设，我们研究了美国 100 个最大都市区各县在疫情爆发前 30 天内确诊的 COVID-19 病例和死亡人数的增长率。在黑人和西班牙裔与白人居住隔离的大都市区县，病例和死亡人数的增长曲线更为陡峭。此外，每个县内的收入不平等加剧了种族居住隔离的影响。这些数据强烈表明，种族和经济差异在当前的大流行期间导致了更大的死亡人数。我们得出了使具有抗病毒能力的城市免受此类后果影响的政策建议。
更新日期：2021-01-31
中文翻译：
种族居住隔离和经济差距共同加剧了美国大城市的 COVID-19 死亡人数
在 COVID-19 大流行期间，美国少数种族和族裔（尤其是黑人和西班牙裔）的感染率和死亡率极高，这与结构性不平等可能产生致命后果的结论是一致的。然而，人们对这种与 COVID-19 相关的结构性不平等的性质知之甚少。在这里，我们假设美国大都市区的两个结构性特征，即种族居住隔离和收入不平等，导致了健康状况恶化，进而增加了 COVID-19 死亡人数；此外，这两个特征结合起来可能特别致命。为了检验这一假设，我们研究了美国 100 个最大都市区各县在疫情爆发前 30 天内确诊的 COVID-19 病例和死亡人数的增长率。在黑人和西班牙裔与白人居住隔离的大都市区县，病例和死亡人数的增长曲线更为陡峭。此外，每个县内的收入不平等加剧了种族居住隔离的影响。这些数据强烈表明，种族和经济差异在当前的大流行期间导致了更大的死亡人数。我们得出了使具有抗病毒能力的城市免受此类后果影响的政策建议。
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