Graphene-like hybrid nanomaterials (GHNs) were successfully synthesized through a sustainable and solvent-free method. Sucrose and bentonite renewable precursors were used as a carbon source and a template, respectively. The characterization of GHN by Raman nanoscale spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the successful transformation of sucrose to sp2-hybridized carbon as in graphene. The high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis evidenced the formation of a hybrid nanomaterial in a well-defined layered structure. The nanoindentation studies show that the modulus of the pyrolyzed sugar was 4 GPa, while it was 28 GPa for the graphene layer synthetized with this procedure. These hybrid nanomaterials were evaluated as an adsorbent for the removal of both cationic (rhodamine B and methylene blue dyes) and anionic (methyl orange) organic water pollutants at 9.5–10 mg/g. These stiffer GHN increase the resilience, durability, and sustainability of the clay particles for treatment processes.

通过可持续且无溶剂的方法成功合成了石墨烯样杂化纳米材料（GHNs）。蔗糖和膨润土可再生前体分别用作碳源和模板。通过拉曼纳米光谱和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对GHN进行表征，证实了蔗糖已成功转化为石墨烯中的sp2-杂化碳。高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HR-TEM）分析证明了杂化纳米材料在明确定义的分层结构中的形成。纳米压痕研究表明，热解糖的模量为4 GPa，而用该方法合成的石墨烯层的模量为28 GPa。这些杂化纳米材料被评估为吸附剂，用于去除9.5–10 mg / g的阳离子（若丹明B和亚甲基蓝染料）和阴离子（甲基橙）有机水污染物。这些更坚硬的GHN可以提高用于处理过程的粘土颗粒的回弹性，耐久性和可持续性。