Abstract

During marine transport of coal commodities, cargo slip or liquefaction failure scenarios within the hold may occur under cyclic ship motions. The resulting cargo shift affects the vessel stability, and subsequently endangers goods and crews on board the vessel. This study aims to investigate the coal cargo stability under marine transport conditions. A suite of six coal samples was selected to undertake a series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests to investigate their liquefaction resistance. Results were subsequently compared to the liquefaction threshold advised by International Maritime Organisation. It was suggested that finer coals were observed to be more susceptible to liquefaction. In addition, discrete element modelling of the coal cargoes was conducted to study the cargo slip susceptibility. Calibration was performed to ensure materials modelled in the numerical program reflected the physical behaviours. Results indicated coarser coal samples with lower moisture contents exhibited cargo slip failures under nominated rolling ship motion. Nevertheless, resulting centre of gravity shift from cargo slip exhibited negligible effect on the cargo stability. Outcomes of this study provided important safety guidelines on marine transportation of coal commodities.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

---

海上货物运输中货物稳定性的实验与数值研究

摘要

在煤炭商品的海上运输过程中，轮船周期性运动可能会在货舱内发生货物滑移或液化的故障情况。由此造成的货物转移影响船舶的稳定性，并随后危及船舶上的货物和船员。这项研究旨在调查在海上运输条件下煤炭货物的稳定性。选择一组六个煤样品进行一系列不排水的循环三轴试验，以研究其抗液化性。随后将结果与国际海事组织建议的液化阈值进行比较。建议观察到较细的煤更易于液化。另外，对煤货进行了离散元建模，研究了煤层气易感性。进行校准以确保在数字程序中建模的材料能够反映物理行为。结果表明，在指定的滚动船舶运动下，水分含量较低的较粗大的煤样品会出现货物滑移故障。然而，货物滑移引起的重心偏移对货物稳定性的影响可忽略不计。这项研究的结果为海上煤炭商品运输提供了重要的安全指导。

图形摘要