Abstract

The incorporation of nanomaterials (NMs), including metal(loid) oxide (MOx) nanoparticles (NPs), in the most diversified consumer products, has grown enormously in recent decades. Consequently, the contact between humans and these materials increased, as well as their presence in the environment. This fact has raised concerns and uncertainties about the possible risks of NMs to human health and the adverse effects on the environment. These concerns underline the need and importance of assessing its nanosecurity. The present review focuses on the main mechanisms underlying the MOx NPs toxicity, illustrated with different biological models: release of toxic ions, cellular uptake of NPs, oxidative stress, shading effect on photosynthetic microorganisms, physical restrain and damage of cell wall. Additionally, the biological models used to evaluate the potential hazardous of nanomaterials are briefly presented, with particular emphasis on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as an alternative model in nanotoxicology. An overview containing recent scientific advances on cellular responses (toxic symptoms exhibited by yeasts) resulting from the interaction with MOx NPs (inhibition of cell proliferation, cell wall damage, alteration of function and morphology of organelles, presence of oxidative stress bio-indicators, gene expression changes, genotoxicity and cell dead) is critically presented. The elucidation of the toxic modes of action of MOx NPs in yeast cells can be very useful in providing additional clues about the impact of NPs on the physiology and metabolism of the eukaryotic cell. Current and future trends of MOx NPs toxicity, regarding their possible impacts on the environment and human health, are discussed.

Key points

• The potential hazardous effects of MOx NPs are critically reviewed.

• An overview of the main mechanisms associated with MOx NPs toxicity is presented.

• Scientific advances about yeast cell responses to MOx NPs are updated and discussed.

中文翻译：

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金属（类）氧化物纳米颗粒的有害影响

 抽象的

近几十年来，包括金属（类）氧化物（MOx）纳米粒子（NP）在内的纳米材料（NM）在最多样化的消费品中的应用得到了巨大的发展。因此，人类与这些材料之间的接触以及它们在环境中的存在增加了。这一事实引起了人们对 NM 对人类健康可能存在的风险以及对环境的不利影响的担忧和不确定性。这些担忧强调了评估其纳米安全性的必要性和重要性。本综述重点关注MOx NPs毒性的主要机制，并通过不同的生物学模型进行说明：有毒离子的释放、NPs的细胞摄取、氧化应激、对光合微生物的遮蔽作用、物理抑制和细胞壁损伤。此外，还简要介绍了用于评估纳米材料潜在危险的生物模型，特别强调酿酒酵母作为纳米毒理学的替代模型。概述了与 MOx NP 相互作用引起的细胞反应（酵母表现出的毒性症状）的最新科学进展（抑制细胞增殖、细胞壁损伤、细胞器功能和形态的改变、氧化应激生物指示剂的存在、基因表达变化、遗传毒性和细胞死亡）进行了批判性的介绍。阐明 MOx NP 在酵母细胞中的毒性作用模式对于提供有关 NP 对真核细胞生理和代谢影响的额外线索非常有用。讨论了 MOx NP 毒性的当前和未来趋势，以及它们对环境和人类健康可能产生的影响。

 要点

• MOx NP 的潜在危险影响受到严格审查。

•概述了与MOx NPs 毒性相关的主要机制。

•更新并讨论了有关酵母细胞对 MOx NP 反应的科学进展。