Abstract

Since the 1990s, when a global anti-corruption norm emerged which in part targeted the use of bribery in international business activities, international support has been growing for a related norm against the use of facilitation (or “grease”) payments. Despite ambiguous language in the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and despite the lack of material enforcement mechanisms, many OECD convention signatories have explicitly banned facilitation payments. Among the few remaining holdouts, Canada and New Zealand recently addressed this omission in their anti-corruption legislation; only Canada opted to eliminate its legal exception for facilitation payments. Building on recent models on norm translation, this article foregrounds the differential roles of normative and cognitive beliefs to explain the different outcomes in these similar cases. Drawing on elite interviews and primary documents, this article argues that select Canadian business representatives helped shape the cognitive beliefs of policymakers through institutionalized consultations in the legislative process, thus facilitating the adoption of the new norm.

中文翻译：

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当认为贿赂是经济上的必要时：疏通费，规范翻译和认知信念的作用

摘要

自1990年代以来，出现了全球反腐败规范，其一部分以在国际商业活动中使用贿赂为目标，国际上对于反对使用疏通费（或“油脂”）付款的相关规范的支持也在不断增长。尽管《经合组织打击国际商业交易中贿赂外国公职人员公约》中的措词含糊，并且尽管缺乏实质性的强制执行机制，但许多经合组织公约的签署国还是明确禁止提供疏通费。在剩下的少数保留措施中，加拿大和新西兰最近在其反腐败立法中解决了这一遗漏；只有加拿大选择取消其疏通费的法律例外。以规范翻译的最新模型为基础，本文展望了规范性和认知性信念在解释这些相似案例中不同结果方面的不同作用。文章利用精英访谈和主要文件，认为加拿大的某些商业代表通过立法过程中的制度化协商，帮助塑造了决策者的认知信念，从而促进了新准则的采用。